Gliomas, which arise from glial cells in the brain, remain a significant challenge due to their location and resistance to traditional treatments. Despite research efforts and advancements in healthcare, the incidence of gliomas has risen dramatically over the past two decades. The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has prompted the creation of therapeutic agents that specially target them. However, it has been reported that they are involved in complex signaling pathways that contribute to the loss of expression of tumor suppressor genes and the upregulation of the expression of oncogenes. In addition, numerous miRNAs promote the development, progression, and recurrence of gliomas by targeting crucial proteins and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the complex interplay among these pathways along with other obstacles hinders the ability to apply miRNA targeting in clinical practice. This highlights the importance of identifying specific miRNAs to be targeted for therapy and having a complete understanding of the diverse pathways they are involved in. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of miRNAs in the progression and prognosis of gliomas, emphasizing the different pathways involved and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

Gliomas, which arise from glial cells in the brain, remain a significant challenge due to their location and resistance to traditional treatments. Despite research efforts and advancements in healthcare, the incidence of gliomas has risen dramatically over the past two decades. The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has prompted the creation of therapeutic agents that specially target them. However, it has been reported that they are involved in complex signaling pathways that contribute to the loss of expression of tumor suppressor genes and the upregulating of the expression of oncogenes. In addition, numerous miRNAs promote the development, progression, and recurrence of gliomas by targeting crucial proteins and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the complex interplay among these pathways and other obstacles hinder the ability to apply miRNA targeting in clinical practice. This underscores the importance of pinpointing miRNAs to be targeted for therapy and having a complete understanding of the diverse pathways they are involved in. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview on the role of miRNAs in the progression and prognosis of gliomas, emphasizing the different pathways involved and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) channels represent one of the seven subfamilies of TRP receptors and are widely expressed throughout the human body where they play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. In the gastrointestinal (GI) system, TRPV channels regulate critical functions such as nutrient absorption, motility, and secretions. Beyond maintaining cellular homeostasis, these channels are involved in pain and inflammation, contributing to diverse pathologies. Their central role in the pathophysiology of different digestive system disorders has made TRPV channels a significant focus of research. Moreover, the involvement of TRPV channels in numerous GI cancers has further heightened research interest in the role of these channels. Accordingly, this review elucidates the structural components and intricate signaling pathways of TRPV channels, focusing on the unique characteristics of each family member (TRPV1–6) in GI physiology. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting these channels to modulate their physiological and pathological roles, highlighting their promise in treating GI disorders. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with their therapeutic application, considering their interactions in different systems, inherent biochemical characteristics, and the alterations required for effective design.

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) channels represent one of the seven subfamilies of TRP receptors and are widely expressed throughout the human body where they play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. In the gastrointestinal (GI) system, TRPV channels regulate critical functions such as nutrient absorption, motility, and secretions. Beyond maintaining physiological equilibrium, these channels are involved in pain and inflammation, contributing to diverse pathologies. Their central role in the pathophysiology of different digestive system disorders has made TRPV channels a significant focus of research. Moreover, the involvement of TRPV channels in numerous GI cancers has further heightened research interest in the role of these channels. Accordingly, this review elucidates the structural components and intricate signaling pathways of TRPV channels, focusing on the unique characteristics of each family member (TRPV1-6) in GI physiology. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting these channels to modulate their physiological and pathological roles, highlighting their promise in treating GI disorders. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with their therapeutic application, considering their interactions in different systems, inherent biochemical characteristics, and the alterations required for effective design.

Lipid-Rich Carcinoma of the Breast: A Rare but Aggressive Mammary Malignancy - European Journal of Breast Health

Hypertension is a highly prevalent clinical condition and a major contributor to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research, its complex and multifaceted pathogenesis is yet to be fully elucidated. This paper explores the updated understanding of primary hypertension as a systemic disorder rather than an isolated vascular or renal abnormality. At the center of this multifactorial disease lie three primary and interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms: dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, dysfunction of the central nervous system, and activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. These core drivers not only interact with each other in a self‐reinforcing cycle but also serve as convergence points for a range of additional contributors. Specifically, suboptimal dietary patterns, salt sensitivity, gut microbiota dysbiosis, circadian rhythm disruption, and insulin resistance act by modulating these central processes, thereby perpetuating blood pressure elevation. This review further elaborates on how these mechanisms span across multiple organ systems, driving vascular, renal, neurohumoral, and immune dysfunction. Taken together, this perspective underscores the need for integrated, upstream‐targeted therapeutic strategies. By highlighting the interconnected nature of these drivers and contributors, this paper provides a comprehensive framework to inform future research and guide more effective preventive and management approaches for hypertension.