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Esther Salmerón-Manzano
Faculty of Law, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Av. de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3019-3539

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Editorial
Published: 07 June 2021 in Laws
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New technologies and so-called communication and information technologies are transforming our society, the way in which we relate to each other, and the way we understand the world. By a wider extension, they are also influencing the world of law. That is why technologies will have a huge impact on society in the coming years and will bring new challenges and legal challenges to the legal sector worldwide. On the other hand, the new communications era also brings many new legal issues such as those derived from e-commerce and payment services, intellectual property, or the problems derived from the use of new technologies by young people. This will undoubtedly affect the development, evolution, and understanding of law. This Special Issue has become this window into the new challenges of law in relation to new technologies.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. Laws and Emerging Technologies. Laws 2021, 10, 46 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. Laws and Emerging Technologies. Laws. 2021; 10 (2):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. 2021. "Laws and Emerging Technologies." Laws 10, no. 2: 46.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In a broad sense, science can be understood as the knowledge contained in scientific manuscripts published in scientific journals. Scientific databases index only those journals that reach certain quality standards. Therefore, research and dissemination of scientific knowledge are essential activities for the growth of science itself. The aim of this manuscript is to assess the situation of medicine and environmental sciences among the bibliometric literature and to put it in perspective with the overall bibliometric publications in all scientific fields. The main countries publishing bibliometric manuscripts are China, USA and Spain. The latter country is ranked three out of the top five institutions according to the Scopus and WoS databases. In both databases, the average scientific collaboration of the top 20 institutions offers the same result, 41%. According to Scopus, the main subject categories in which this research falls are social sciences (38%), computer science (26%) and medicine (23%), while the environmental sciences category has 8%. In the analysis of the Medicine category alone, it has been observed that 136 countries have contributions in this field. The main countries are the United States, China and the United Kingdom. In the field of medicine, the main areas studied were: Epidemiology, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Cardiology, Neurosurgery, Radiology, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Plastic Surgery and Psychiatry. With respect to environmental sciences, less international dissemination has been found, with only 83 countries having worked in this field. The main ones are China, Spain and the United States. Regarding the top 10 institutions, it can be stated that only Spain and China are relevant. Spain focuses on sustainability and China on the environment. The result of an independent keyword analysis of all published bibliometric manuscripts has shown that the main clusters are: Mapping Science (29%), Research Productivity (23%), Medicine (20%), Environmental Sciences (12%), Psychology (7%), Nursing (6%) and Engineering (4%). In short, medicine and environmental sciences are the most relevant areas in the field of bibliometrics after social sciences and computer sciences.

ACS Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5851 .

AMA Style

Mila Cascajares, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5851.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused chaos in many sectors and industries. In the energy sector, the demand has fallen drastically during the first quarter of 2020. The University of Almeria campus also declined the energy consumption in 2020, and through this study, we aimed to measure the impact of closing the campus on the energy use of its different facilities. We built our analysis based upon the dataset collected during the year 2020 and previous years; the patterns evolution through time allowed us to better understand the energy performance of each facility during this exceptional year. We rearranged the university buildings into categories, and all the categories reduced their electricity consumption share in comparison with the previous year of 2019. Furthermore, the portfolio of categories presented a wide range of ratios that varied from 56% to 98%, the library category was found to be the most influenced, and the research category was found to be the least influenced. This opened questions like why some facilities were influenced more than others? What can we do to reduce the energy use even more when the facilities are closed? The university buildings presented diverse structures that revealed differences in energy performance, which explained why the impact of such an event (COVID-19 pandemic) is not necessarily relevant to have equivalent variations. Nevertheless, some management deficiencies were detected, and some energy savings measures were proposed to achieve a minimum waste of energy.

ACS Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Mimoun Chourak; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Energy Use at the University of Almeria (Spain). Sustainability 2021, 13, 5843 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Chihib, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Mimoun Chourak, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Energy Use at the University of Almeria (Spain). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5843.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Mimoun Chourak; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Energy Use at the University of Almeria (Spain)." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5843.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Laws
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Legaltech refers to the application of new technologies to the world of law, to carry out tasks that, until recently, were performed by lawyers or other personnel working in law firms. From 2015 onwards the Lawtech alternative has emerged. In this work, the concepts of Legaltech and Lawtech have been analyzed by searching the two main scientific information databases such as Scopus and Wed of Science (WoS). There has been a clear trend to use the concept of Legaltech against Lawtech. Six clear research lines have been detected from the whole of the published documents regarding these concepts. These are the related to Computer Science, Justice, Legal profession, Legal design, Law firms, and Legal Education. It is proposed to use the term Legaltech to include all technological advances in the legal field. From the point of view of opportunities, the irruption of Legaltech will be able to offer accurate legal advice to the public, reducing the price of this and on the other hand, analyze large amounts of data that law firms and legal advisors will use to improve their management and increase their productivity. In short, Legaltech and Lawtech are opening up new opportunities in the legal sector encouraging technological innovation, giving greater access to legal services, even try to achieve the goal of universal access to justice.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. Legaltech and Lawtech: Global Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities. Laws 2021, 10, 24 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. Legaltech and Lawtech: Global Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities. Laws. 2021; 10 (2):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano. 2021. "Legaltech and Lawtech: Global Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities." Laws 10, no. 2: 24.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Agronomy
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Agriculture as an economic activity and agronomy as a science must provide food for a constantly growing population. Research in this field is therefore becoming increasingly essential. Much of the research is carried out in academic institutions and then developed in the private sector. Patents do not have to be issued through scientific institutions. Patents from scientific institutions are intended to have a certain economic return on the investment made in research when the patent is transferred to industry. A bibliometric analysis was carried out using the Scopus and SciVal databases. This study analyses all the research carried out in the field of agronomy and related sciences (Agricultural and Biological Sciences category of Scopus database) by EU-27 countries, which has been cited in at least one international patent. The data show that out of about 1 million published works only about 28,000 have been used as a source of patents. This study highlights the main countries and institutions in terms of this transfer. Among these, Germany, France and Spain stand out in absolute terms, but considering the degree of specialization. Regarding their specialization the institution ranking is led by Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (58%), AgroParisTech (52%), Wageningen University & Research (48%), and INRAE (38%). It also analyses which journals used for this transfer are most important. For these publications more than 90% of the articles have had a higher-than-expected citation level for the year of publication, the type of publication and the discipline in which they are categorized. The most-obtained research fields can be distinguished as those related to genetics or mo-lecular biology, those related to specific foods, such as cheeses, milk, breads or oils, and, thirdly, the group covering food-related constituents such as caseins, probiotics, glutens, or starch.

ACS Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27. Agronomy 2021, 11, 252 .

AMA Style

Mila Cascajares, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27." Agronomy 11, no. 2: 252.

Editorial
Published: 09 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Global health, conceived as a discipline, aims to train, research and respond to problems of a transboundary nature in order to improve health and health equity at the global level. The current worldwide situation is ruled by globalization, and therefore the concept of global health involves not only health-related issues but also those related to the environment and climate change. Therefore, in this Special Issue, the problems related to global health have been addressed from a bibliometric approach in four main areas: environmental issues, diseases, health, education and society.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Bibliometric Studies and Worldwide Research Trends on Global Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5748 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Bibliometric Studies and Worldwide Research Trends on Global Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (16):5748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "Bibliometric Studies and Worldwide Research Trends on Global Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5748.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The use of medicinal plants has been done since ancient times and may even be considered the origin of modern medicine. Compounds of plant origin have been and still are an important source of compounds for drugs. In this study a bibliometric study of all the works indexed in the Scopus database until 2019 has been carried out, analyzing more than 100,000 publications. On the one hand, the main countries, institutions and authors researching this topic have been identified, as well as their evolution over time. On the other hand, the links between the authors, the countries and the topics under research have been analyzed through the detection of communities. The last two periods, from 2009 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2019, have been examined in terms of research topics. It has been observed that the areas of study or clusters have been reduced, those of the last period being those engaged in unclassified drug, traditional medicine, cancer, in vivo study—antidiabetic activity, and animals—anti-inflammatory activity. In summary, it has been observed that the trend in global research is focused more on the search for new medicines or active compounds rather than on the cultivation or domestication of plant species with this demonstrated potential.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Jose Antonio Garrido-Cardenas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Worldwide Research Trends on Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3376 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Jose Antonio Garrido-Cardenas, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Worldwide Research Trends on Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Jose Antonio Garrido-Cardenas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "Worldwide Research Trends on Medicinal Plants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3376.

Review
Published: 19 February 2020 in Inventions
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It is essential to address research into low-cost technologies, as those employed on a wide scale demand a great amount of resources. The main goal of this work was to analyze the research on low cost technologies worldwide by studying the scientific output recorded in the Scopus database. This analysis makes it possible to determine the evolution of research into low cost technologies. In particular, we analyzed the distribution of this research by the different scientific categories, the categories’ evolution over time, the types of publications, the geographical distribution throughout different countries, the main institutions in each scientific category, and the areas of research identified through the main keywords indexed in the publications. A remarkable finding of this work has been that the universities that are most active in low-cost technologies are those in the most technologically advanced countries. There is only one exception to the above statement and it is in the field of medicine, where the most technologically developed countries are not always the most interested in this field. Given the trends observed in recent years, there is a need for a major change and for low-cost technologies to become an area of interest in countries with emerging economies.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Worldwide Research on Low Cost Technologies through Bibliometric Analysis. Inventions 2020, 5, 9 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Worldwide Research on Low Cost Technologies through Bibliometric Analysis. Inventions. 2020; 5 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "Worldwide Research on Low Cost Technologies through Bibliometric Analysis." Inventions 5, no. 1: 9.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Several factors impact the energy use of university campus buildings. This study aims to benchmark the energy use in universities with Mediterranean climates. The University of Almeria campus was used as a case study, and different types of buildings were analyzed. The second goal was to model the electricity consumption and determinate which parameter correlate strongly with energy use. Macro-scale energy consumption data during a period of seven years were gathered alongside cross-sectional buildings information. Eight years of daily outdoor temperature data were recorded and stored for every half hour. This dataset was eventually used to calculate heating and cooling degree-days. The weather factor was recognized as the variable with the greatest impact on campus energy consumption, and as the coefficient indicated a strong correlation, a linear regression model was established to forecast future energy use. A threshold of 8 GWh has been estimated as the energy consumption limit to be achieved despite the growth of the university. Finally, it is based on the results to inform the recommendations for decision making in order to act effectively to optimize and achieve a return on investment.

ACS Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Benchmarking Energy Use at University of Almeria (Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 1336 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Chihib, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Benchmarking Energy Use at University of Almeria (Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1336.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "Benchmarking Energy Use at University of Almeria (Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1336.

Review
Published: 28 January 2020 in Inventions
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Most offshore wind farms built thus far are based on waters below 30 m deep, either using big diameter steel monopiles or a gravity base. Now, offshore windfarms are starting to be installed in deeper waters and the use of these structures—used for oil and gas like jackets and tripods—is becoming more competitive. Setting aside these calls for direct or fixed foundations, and thinking of water depths beyond 50 m, there is a completely new line of investigation focused on the usage of floating structures; TLP (tension leg platform), Spar (large deep craft cylindrical floating caisson), and semisubmersible are the most studied. We analyze these in detail at the end of this document. Nevertheless, it is foreseen that we must still wait sometime before these solutions, based on floating structures, can become truth from a commercial point of view, due to the higher cost, rather than direct or fixed foundations. In addition, it is more likely that some technical modifications in the wind turbines will have to be implemented to improve their function. Regarding wind farm connections to grid, it can be found from traditional designs such as radial, star or ring. On the other hand, for wind generator modeling, classifications can be established, modeling the wind turbine and modeling the wind farm. Finally, for the wind generator control, the main strategies are: passive stall, active stall, and pitch control; and when it is based on wind generation zone: fixed speed and variable speed. Lastly, the trend is to use strategies based on synchronous machines, as the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG).

ACS Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Miguel Sánchez-Calero; Alfredo Alcayde; Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Esther Salmeron-Manzano. Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid. Inventions 2020, 5, 8 .

AMA Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Miguel Sánchez-Calero, Alfredo Alcayde, Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez, Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno, Esther Salmeron-Manzano. Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid. Inventions. 2020; 5 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Miguel Sánchez-Calero; Alfredo Alcayde; Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Esther Salmeron-Manzano. 2020. "Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid." Inventions 5, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2019 in Sustainability
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly important in the architecture and engineering fields, and especially in the field of sustainability through the study of energy. This study performs a bibliometric study analysis of BIM publications based on the Scopus database during the whole period from 2003 to 2018. The aim was to establish a comparison of bibliometric maps of the building information model and BIM in universities. The analyzed data included 4307 records produced by a total of 10,636 distinct authors from 314 institutions. Engineering and computer science were found to be the main scientific fields involved in BIM research. Architectural design are the central theme keywords, followed by information theory and construction industry. The final stage of the study focuses on the detection of clusters in which global research in this field is grouped. The main clusters found were those related to the BIM cycle, including construction management, documentation and analysis, architecture and design, construction/fabrication, and operation and maintenance (related to energy or sustainability). However, the clusters of the last phases such as demolition and renovation are not present, which indicates that this field suntil needs to be further developed and researched. With regard to the evolution of research, it has been observed how information technologies have been integrated over the entire spectrum of internet of things (IoT). A final key factor in the implementation of the BIM is its inclusion in the curriculum of technical careers related to areas of construction such as civil engineering or architecture.

ACS Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Nuria Novas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Bibliometric Maps of BIM and BIM in Universities: A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4398 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Chihib, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Nuria Novas, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Bibliometric Maps of BIM and BIM in Universities: A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Chihib; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Nuria Novas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2019. "Bibliometric Maps of BIM and BIM in Universities: A Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4398.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2019 in Sustainability
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The advent and development of digital technologies has had a significant impact on the establishment of contracts. Smart contracts are designed as computer code containing instructions for executing user agreements, offering a technologically secure solution with numerous advantages and applications. However, smart contracts are not without their problems when we try to fit them into the traditional system of contract law, and their presumed benefits can become shortcomings. Bibliometric studies can help to assess the current state of science in a specific subject and support decision making and research direction. Here, this bibliometric study is used to analyze global trend research in relation to this novel contractual methodology, the smart contract, which seems to have experienced exponential growth since 2014. Specially, this analysis was focused on the main countries involved and the institutions that lead this research worldwide. On the other hand, the indexations of these works are analyzed according to major scientific areas and the keywords of all the works, to detect the subjects to which they are grouped. Community detection has been used to establish the relationship between countries researching in this area, and six clusters have been identified, around which all the work related to this topic is grouped. This work shows the temporal evolution of research related to smart contracts, highlighting that there are two trends—e-commerce and smart power grids. From the perspective of driving sustainability, smart contracts could provide a contribution in the near future.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Role of Smart Contracts in Sustainability: Worldwide Research Trends. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3049 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Role of Smart Contracts in Sustainability: Worldwide Research Trends. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2019. "The Role of Smart Contracts in Sustainability: Worldwide Research Trends." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3049.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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World Cities contribute to a massive amount of carbon emissions. About 80% of the global greenhouse gasses are emitted from these cities. The sustainable practices should be adopted in built environment for these cities. As an example, a residential neighbourhoods in arid climate has been discussed as a case study in practice in this paper. It has been developed to implement the sustainable strategies and concepts. It demonstrates a mixed-use community which integrates the sustainability dimensions to improve the quality toward sustainable living in a small community (about 4000 persons), allocated in Dubai land area. This paper aims to highlight the sustainable practices in the arid zones and to give an overview about the performance of the clean energy and renewable in these areas. The studied development has been selected to evaluate such techniques and strategies in the gulf region (Dubai). Various environmental categories such as; on energy, water, mobility, energy consumption of the buildings and infrastructure, urban green spaces, solid waste management and urban farming, have been appraised in this study. It has been noticed that the urban design proposed reduces its potable water consumption by 40% and for energy demands by 57% compared to conventional households. The solar production can cover around 38% of the energy consumption on average. Many challenges face the sustainability movement in the region, especially, the affordability and feasibility in such harsh climate zones areas. This manuscript opens new perspectives about the prioritization that should be considered for adopting the sustainable strategies in arid climate.

ACS Style

Adel Juaidi; Fadi AlFaris; Faris Saeed; Esther Salmeron-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Urban design to achieving the sustainable energy of residential neighbourhoods in arid climate. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 228, 135 -152.

AMA Style

Adel Juaidi, Fadi AlFaris, Faris Saeed, Esther Salmeron-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Urban design to achieving the sustainable energy of residential neighbourhoods in arid climate. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 228 ():135-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adel Juaidi; Fadi AlFaris; Faris Saeed; Esther Salmeron-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2019. "Urban design to achieving the sustainable energy of residential neighbourhoods in arid climate." Journal of Cleaner Production 228, no. : 135-152.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2019 in Sustainability
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The world’s population continues to grow at a high rate, such that today’s population is twice that of 1960, and is projected to increase further to 9 billion by 2050. This situation has brought about a situation in which the percentage of the global energy used in cities is increasing considerably. Biomass is a resource that is present in a variety of different materials: wood, sawdust, straw, seed waste, manure, paper waste, household waste, wastewater, etc. Biomass resources have traditionally been used, and their use is becoming increasingly important due to their economic potential, as there are significant annual volumes of agricultural production, whose by-products can be used as a source of energy and are even being promoted as so-called energy crops, specifically for this purpose. The main objective of this work was to analyze the state of research and trends in biomass for renewable energy from 1978 to 2018 to help the research community understand the current situation and future trends, as well as the situation of countries in the international context, all of which provides basic information to facilitate decision-making by those responsible for scientific policy. The main countries that are investigating the subject of biomass as a renewable energy, as measured by scientific production, are the United States, followed by China, India, Germany and Italy. The most productive institutions in this field are the Chinese Academy of Sciences, followed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet and the Ministry of Education in China. This study also identifies communities based on the keywords of the publications obtained from a bibliographic search. Six communities or clusters were found. The two most important are focused on obtaining liquid fuels from biomass. Finally, based on the collaboration between countries and biomass research, eight clusters were observed. All this is centered on three countries belonging to different clusters: USA, India and the UK.

ACS Style

Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Esther Samerón-Manzano; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Biomass as Renewable Energy: Worldwide Research Trends. Sustainability 2019, 11, 863 .

AMA Style

Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Esther Samerón-Manzano, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Biomass as Renewable Energy: Worldwide Research Trends. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):863.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Esther Samerón-Manzano; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2019. "Biomass as Renewable Energy: Worldwide Research Trends." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 863.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2019 in Sustainability
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: Energy saving is a global priority, as it is helping both energy and environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions. The search for new energy solutions is therefore necessary. In the Mediterranean climate, resources are generally scarce, and all energy sources need to be explored, including biomass from agricultural or industrial waste. There is a clear upward trend in date worldwide production, having doubled its world production in the last 10 years, and this trend is particularly relevant for Mediterranean climate countries, especially in North Africa and nearby countries. This study analyzes the properties associated with the date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to evaluate its suitability and viability as a new biofuel. Specifically, the viability of replacing the existing gas boiler in a university building in the south of Spain with a system of biomass boilers using this biomass was analyzed as a case study. The results reveal that this biomass has HHV values very similar to those of other biomass sources, 19.121 MJ/kg. With the replacement of the gas boiler by a biomass that uses the date seed, a reduction of 95 tons of CO2 per year is obtained and an economic saving of more than 66% is achieved. In short, this work opens new perspectives for the use of this biomass of date seed in boilers and it is an efficient solution for large public buildings such as the buildings of Mediterranean climate universities.

ACS Style

Carmen De La Cruz-Lovera; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; José-Luis De La Cruz-Fernández; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Valorization for Boilers in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability 2019, 11, 711 .

AMA Style

Carmen De La Cruz-Lovera, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, José-Luis De La Cruz-Fernández, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Valorization for Boilers in the Mediterranean Climate. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen De La Cruz-Lovera; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; José-Luis De La Cruz-Fernández; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2019. "Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Valorization for Boilers in the Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 711.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Publications
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Due to the globalisation of the economy, migratory flows have increased significantly. Unaccompanied foreign minors have become a growing problem in recent years. The objective of this study is to make an analysis from a bibliometric point of view and to identify the main research trends concerning this topic by clusters identification. It has been observed that, above all, there are two main subjects that dominate the scientific literature in this field, the social sciences and medicine. The first one is the clearest in terms of legal and political implications, but the second one is related to the field of determining the age of minors by means of diagnostic tests. As to clusters, the following have been identified: First as a refugee–asylum seeker, second as a refugees–psychology, third as migration, fourth as age determination, and fifth as health care. Finally, the following temporal evolution of the issues dealt with in relation to unaccompanied minors has been observed: War, stress, migration, immigration, risk factors, health, legal aspects and, more recently, vaccination or age determination.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Unaccompanied Minors: Worldwide Research Perspectives. Publications 2018, 7, 2 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Unaccompanied Minors: Worldwide Research Perspectives. Publications. 2018; 7 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2018. "Unaccompanied Minors: Worldwide Research Perspectives." Publications 7, no. 1: 2.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2018 in Sustainability
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Education has been integrated into the globalization process supported by technological advances such as e-learning. The sustainability of the universities is one of the key points of the university survival, and they strongly depend on the number of students that can enroll in them. Thus, many of the educational institutions have had to develop their curricula based on the use new technologies. Without a doubt, virtual laboratories are the latest technology in this regard. The objective of this work is to determine which are the main institutions and research trends in relation to virtual laboratories. The methodology followed in this research was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the whole scientific production indexed in Scopus. The world’s scientific production has been analysed in the following domains: first the trend over time, types of publications and countries, second the main subjects and keywords, third main institutions and their main topics, and fourth the main journals and proceedings that publish on this topic. After that, a case study was analysed in detailed as a representative country (Spain). The most productive institution in this field, Universidad de Educación a Distancia (UNED). If the ranking is established by average citations per published paper, the first three institutions are from the USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Washington (Seattle), and Carnegie Mellon University. The scientific categories at world level and in the case of study are similar. First, there is the field of engineering followed by computer science and above all it highlights the wide spectrum of branches of knowledge in which this topic is published, which indicates the great acceptance of this teaching methodology in all fields of education. Finally, community detection has been applied to the case study and six clusters have been found: Virtual Reality, Users, E-learning, Programming, Automatic-robotics, Computer Simulation and Engineering Education. As a main conclusion, bibliographic analysis confirms that research in virtual laboratories is a very active field, where scientific productivity has exponentially increased over recent years in tandem with universities growth. Therefore, expectations are high in this field for the near future. The possibility of virtual laboratories opens up new perspectives for higher education sustainability, where the educational policies of countries could be reoriented.

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Higher Education Sustainability through Virtual Laboratories: The Spanish University as Case of Study. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4040 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Higher Education Sustainability through Virtual Laboratories: The Spanish University as Case of Study. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4040.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2018. "The Higher Education Sustainability through Virtual Laboratories: The Spanish University as Case of Study." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4040.

Review
Published: 20 July 2018 in Energies
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The bicycle has gone from being an old-fashioned recreational product to a less polluting means of transport and a compact, ultra-light personal mobility tool. This is how electrical bicycles will be used as the pillar that could support individual public transport in large cities worldwide. The objective of this manuscript is to detect how worldwide research on the electric bicycle is being developed, and, especially, around which scientific domains is it clustered, to finally identify the main trends in the field. This study has been carried out based on the Scopus database, where all the publications related to the topic of the electric bicycle have been analyzed up to the year 2017. ¨Therefore, research on the global research trends of this topic was conducted. Its evolution over time shows that since 2008 the growth of publications is much higher than in the previous period. The main countries are China and the USA, and it can be inferred that there are two major trend countries with high environmental awareness, which also have a large population and that the electric bicycle is a suitable and sustainable form of transport. Among the main scientific fields, engineering leads in research. The keyword analysis shows that the central theme is electric, then battery and motor stand out. A community detection was applied to detect the six main clusters of this research, largely dedicated to the following topics: Transportation–Environment, Electrical Engineering, Safety, Batteries, Sporting Goods–Urban Planning, and Mechanical Engineering. This manuscript shows that global research trends about the electric bicycle are increasing, and that it should be considered a means of sustainable urban transport and will therefore contribute to energy saving and sustainable energy.

ACS Style

Esther Salmeron-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies 2018, 11, 1894 .

AMA Style

Esther Salmeron-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies. 2018; 11 (7):1894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmeron-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2018. "The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends." Energies 11, no. 7: 1894.

Conference paper
Published: 01 July 2018 in EDULEARN18 Proceedings
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Information about the paper titled "CREATION OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING MATERIALS FOR THE SUBJECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING" at IATED Digital Library

ACS Style

Nuria Novas Castellano; Rosa María García-Salvador; Manuel José Soler Ortiz; Manuel Fernández-Ros; E. Salmerón-Manzano; J.A. Garrido-Cárdenas; Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro; José Antonio Gázquez Parra. CREATION OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING MATERIALS FOR THE SUBJECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. EDULEARN18 Proceedings 2018, 1927 -1934.

AMA Style

Nuria Novas Castellano, Rosa María García-Salvador, Manuel José Soler Ortiz, Manuel Fernández-Ros, E. Salmerón-Manzano, J.A. Garrido-Cárdenas, Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro, José Antonio Gázquez Parra. CREATION OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING MATERIALS FOR THE SUBJECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. EDULEARN18 Proceedings. 2018; ():1927-1934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nuria Novas Castellano; Rosa María García-Salvador; Manuel José Soler Ortiz; Manuel Fernández-Ros; E. Salmerón-Manzano; J.A. Garrido-Cárdenas; Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro; José Antonio Gázquez Parra. 2018. "CREATION OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING MATERIALS FOR THE SUBJECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING." EDULEARN18 Proceedings , no. : 1927-1934.

Conference paper
Published: 01 July 2018 in EDULEARN18 Proceedings
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Information about the paper titled "SMARTPHONE AS AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING TOOL: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING" at IATED Digital Library

ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco G. Montoya; Nuria Novas Castellano; Rosa García-Salvador; Jose Antonio Garrido-Cárdenas; Juan Antonio Martínez-Lao; Antonio Jesus Zapata-Sierra; Manuel Fernández-Ros; Manuel José Soler Ortiz; Jose Antonio Gázquez Parra; Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro. SMARTPHONE AS AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING TOOL: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING. EDULEARN18 Proceedings 2018, 3607 -3614.

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Alfredo Alcayde, Francisco G. Montoya, Nuria Novas Castellano, Rosa García-Salvador, Jose Antonio Garrido-Cárdenas, Juan Antonio Martínez-Lao, Antonio Jesus Zapata-Sierra, Manuel Fernández-Ros, Manuel José Soler Ortiz, Jose Antonio Gázquez Parra, Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro. SMARTPHONE AS AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING TOOL: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING. EDULEARN18 Proceedings. 2018; ():3607-3614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco G. Montoya; Nuria Novas Castellano; Rosa García-Salvador; Jose Antonio Garrido-Cárdenas; Juan Antonio Martínez-Lao; Antonio Jesus Zapata-Sierra; Manuel Fernández-Ros; Manuel José Soler Ortiz; Jose Antonio Gázquez Parra; Francisco Rogelio Manzano-Agugliaro. 2018. "SMARTPHONE AS AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING TOOL: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING." EDULEARN18 Proceedings , no. : 3607-3614.