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Dr. Alfredo Alcayde García
Universidad de Almería (Spain)

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Energies
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This article presents the analysis of the performance of a flexible wind turbine blade. The simulation analysis is based on a 3 m span blade prototype. The blade has a flexible surface and a cam mechanism that modifies the aerodynamic profile and adapts the surface to different configurations. The blade surface was built with a flexible fiberglass composite, and the internal mechanism consists of a flexible structure actuated with an eccentric cam. The cam mechanism deforms five sections of the blade, and the airfoil geometry for each section was measured from zero cam displacement to full cam displacement. The measured data were interpolated to obtain the aerodynamic profiles of the five sections to model the flexible blade in the simulation process. The simulation analysis consisted of determining the different aerodynamic coefficients for different deformed surfaces and a range of wind speeds. The aerodynamic coefficients were calculated with the BEM method (QBlade®); as a result, the data performance of the flexible blade was compared for the different deformation configurations. Finally, a decrease of up to approximately 6% in the mean bending moment suggests that the flexible turbine rotor presented in this article can be used to reduce extreme and fatigue loads on wind turbines.

ACS Style

Azael Duran Castillo; Juan C. Jauregui-Correa; Francisco Herbert; Krystel K. Castillo-Villar; Jesus Alejandro Franco; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo Alcayde. The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 4988 .

AMA Style

Azael Duran Castillo, Juan C. Jauregui-Correa, Francisco Herbert, Krystel K. Castillo-Villar, Jesus Alejandro Franco, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Alfredo Alcayde. The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azael Duran Castillo; Juan C. Jauregui-Correa; Francisco Herbert; Krystel K. Castillo-Villar; Jesus Alejandro Franco; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo Alcayde. 2021. "The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 16: 4988.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2021 in Symmetry
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The blades in a wind turbine are currently manufactured with flexible and light materials, which make them more susceptible to the effects of vibrations when the wind speed is high enough, causing fatigue damage, affecting the functionality of its structure and aerodynamic efficiency. This work presents a comparison of the modal vibration parameters, applied to a cantilever beam, determined with two experimental methods—the use of accelerometers and a proposed optical non-contact method—based on the principle of laser triangulation and photogrammetry techniques. This technique uses the geometric symmetry of the equidistant displacements along the z axis of the beam to obtain the amplitude data. Parameters such as natural frequency and modal form are obtained by fitting the data to a nonlinear equation with a solution which is an exponential/harmonic equation. Also, analytically, these parameters are determined, and a comparison is made between the experimental methods. The result shows that the relative error of the first-order natural vibration frequency is below 1%. The proposed method is simple, efficient, reliable, and it is also a method that has not been applied to the test of wind turbine blades, so its implementation as this type of wind turbine component is an area of opportunity for the validation of modal vibration parameters in the wind industry. An analysis of results is presented showing benefits of the proposed method and its limitations.

ACS Style

Víctor Moreno-Oliva; Ociel Flores-Diaz; Edwin Román-Hernández; Manuel Campos-García; Eduardo Campos-Mercado; José Dorrego-Portela; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jesus Franco; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo García. Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1017 .

AMA Style

Víctor Moreno-Oliva, Ociel Flores-Diaz, Edwin Román-Hernández, Manuel Campos-García, Eduardo Campos-Mercado, José Dorrego-Portela, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Jesus Franco, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Alfredo García. Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (6):1017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Moreno-Oliva; Ociel Flores-Diaz; Edwin Román-Hernández; Manuel Campos-García; Eduardo Campos-Mercado; José Dorrego-Portela; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jesus Franco; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo García. 2021. "Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades." Symmetry 13, no. 6: 1017.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Mathematics
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Traditional electrical power theories and one of their most important concepts—apparent power—are still a source of debate, because they present several flaws that misinterpret the power-transfer and energy-balance phenomena under distorted grid conditions. In recent years, advanced mathematical tools such as geometric algebra (GA) have been introduced to address these issues. However, the application of GA to electrical circuits requires more consensus, improvements and refinement. In this paper, electrical power theories for single-phase systems based on GA were revisited. Several drawbacks and inconsistencies of previous works were identified, and some amendments were introduced. An alternative expression is presented for the electric power in the geometric domain. Its norm is compatible with the traditional apparent power defined as the product of the RMS voltage and current. The use of this expression simplifies calculations such as those required for current decomposition. This proposal is valid even for distorted currents and voltages. Concepts are presented in a simple way so that a strong background on GA is not required. The paper included some examples and experimental results in which measurements from a utility supply were analysed.

ACS Style

Francisco Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Arrabal-Campos; Javier Roldán-Pérez. Vector Geometric Algebra in Power Systems: An Updated Formulation of Apparent Power under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1295 .

AMA Style

Francisco Montoya, Raúl Baños, Alfredo Alcayde, Francisco Arrabal-Campos, Javier Roldán-Pérez. Vector Geometric Algebra in Power Systems: An Updated Formulation of Apparent Power under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (11):1295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Arrabal-Campos; Javier Roldán-Pérez. 2021. "Vector Geometric Algebra in Power Systems: An Updated Formulation of Apparent Power under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions." Mathematics 9, no. 11: 1295.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Conventional energy resources are not climate sustainable. Currently, engineers and scientists are looking for sustainable energy solutions influenced by climate change. A wide variety of sustainable natural energy resources are available, but they require technical solutions for their implementation. The general trend in energy research is based on renewable resources, amongst which solar energy stands out, being the most mature and widely accepted. In this paper, the current state of the sustainable energy system has been analysed. The main purpose is to provide additional context to assess future scenarios. The study of past contributions allows sustainability planning and increasing the welfare of future society. The aim is to highlight global trends in research on sustainable solar energy from 1995 to 2020 through a bibliometric analysis of 4260 publications. According to their linkages, the analysed articles are distributed in nine clusters: Sustainability assessment, Sustainable energy solutions, Environmental payback time analysis, Sustainability of solar energy in different scenarios, Environmental sustainability, Solar energy applications, Sustainable energy optimisation, Energy transition and Energy and sustainable scenarios. The most repeated keywords are Sustainability, Renewable energy, and Solar energy. Energy research and the exploration of new renewable solar resources are still necessary to meet sustainable energy’s future challenges.

ACS Style

Nuria Novas; Rosa Garcia; Jose Camacho; Alfredo Alcayde. Advances in Solar Energy towards Efficient and Sustainable Energy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6295 .

AMA Style

Nuria Novas, Rosa Garcia, Jose Camacho, Alfredo Alcayde. Advances in Solar Energy towards Efficient and Sustainable Energy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nuria Novas; Rosa Garcia; Jose Camacho; Alfredo Alcayde. 2021. "Advances in Solar Energy towards Efficient and Sustainable Energy." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6295.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2021 in Mathematics
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This paper presents a new framework based on geometric algebra (GA) to solve and analyse three-phase balanced electrical circuits under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal conditions. The proposed approach is an exploratory application of the geometric algebra power theory (GAPoT) to multiple-phase systems. A definition of geometric apparent power for three-phase systems, that complies with the energy conservation principle, is also introduced. Power calculations are performed in a multi-dimensional Euclidean space where cross effects between voltage and current harmonics are taken into consideration. By using the proposed framework, the current can be easily geometrically decomposed into active- and non-active components for current compensation purposes. The paper includes detailed examples in which electrical circuits are solved and the results are analysed. This work is a first step towards a more advanced polyphase proposal that can be applied to systems under real operation conditions, where unbalance and asymmetry is considered.

ACS Style

Francisco Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Arrabal-Campos; Javier Roldán Pérez. Geometric Algebra Framework Applied to Symmetrical Balanced Three-Phase Systems for Sinusoidal and Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Supply. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1259 .

AMA Style

Francisco Montoya, Raúl Baños, Alfredo Alcayde, Francisco Arrabal-Campos, Javier Roldán Pérez. Geometric Algebra Framework Applied to Symmetrical Balanced Three-Phase Systems for Sinusoidal and Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Supply. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (11):1259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Arrabal-Campos; Javier Roldán Pérez. 2021. "Geometric Algebra Framework Applied to Symmetrical Balanced Three-Phase Systems for Sinusoidal and Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Supply." Mathematics 9, no. 11: 1259.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In a broad sense, science can be understood as the knowledge contained in scientific manuscripts published in scientific journals. Scientific databases index only those journals that reach certain quality standards. Therefore, research and dissemination of scientific knowledge are essential activities for the growth of science itself. The aim of this manuscript is to assess the situation of medicine and environmental sciences among the bibliometric literature and to put it in perspective with the overall bibliometric publications in all scientific fields. The main countries publishing bibliometric manuscripts are China, USA and Spain. The latter country is ranked three out of the top five institutions according to the Scopus and WoS databases. In both databases, the average scientific collaboration of the top 20 institutions offers the same result, 41%. According to Scopus, the main subject categories in which this research falls are social sciences (38%), computer science (26%) and medicine (23%), while the environmental sciences category has 8%. In the analysis of the Medicine category alone, it has been observed that 136 countries have contributions in this field. The main countries are the United States, China and the United Kingdom. In the field of medicine, the main areas studied were: Epidemiology, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Cardiology, Neurosurgery, Radiology, Ophthalmology, Oncology, Plastic Surgery and Psychiatry. With respect to environmental sciences, less international dissemination has been found, with only 83 countries having worked in this field. The main ones are China, Spain and the United States. Regarding the top 10 institutions, it can be stated that only Spain and China are relevant. Spain focuses on sustainability and China on the environment. The result of an independent keyword analysis of all published bibliometric manuscripts has shown that the main clusters are: Mapping Science (29%), Research Productivity (23%), Medicine (20%), Environmental Sciences (12%), Psychology (7%), Nursing (6%) and Engineering (4%). In short, medicine and environmental sciences are the most relevant areas in the field of bibliometrics after social sciences and computer sciences.

ACS Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5851 .

AMA Style

Mila Cascajares, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "The Bibliometric Literature on Scopus and WoS: The Medicine and Environmental Sciences Categories as Case of Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5851.

Conference paper
Published: 01 March 2021 in INTED2021 Proceedings
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ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde García; Antonio Zapata; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. GENERIC SKILLS ASSESSMENT IN THE MASTER OF LAWS AT UNIVERSITY OF ALMERIA. INTED2021 Proceedings 2021, 1154 -1163.

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Alfredo Alcayde García, Antonio Zapata, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. GENERIC SKILLS ASSESSMENT IN THE MASTER OF LAWS AT UNIVERSITY OF ALMERIA. INTED2021 Proceedings. 2021; ():1154-1163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde García; Antonio Zapata; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "GENERIC SKILLS ASSESSMENT IN THE MASTER OF LAWS AT UNIVERSITY OF ALMERIA." INTED2021 Proceedings , no. : 1154-1163.

Conference paper
Published: 01 March 2021 in INTED2021 Proceedings
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ACS Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde García; Antonio Zapata; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. THE USE M-LEARNING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES: GENDER ANALYSIS. INTED2021 Proceedings 2021, 1145 -1153.

AMA Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Alfredo Alcayde García, Antonio Zapata, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. THE USE M-LEARNING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES: GENDER ANALYSIS. INTED2021 Proceedings. 2021; ():1145-1153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Alfredo Alcayde García; Antonio Zapata; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "THE USE M-LEARNING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES: GENDER ANALYSIS." INTED2021 Proceedings , no. : 1145-1153.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Agronomy
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Agriculture as an economic activity and agronomy as a science must provide food for a constantly growing population. Research in this field is therefore becoming increasingly essential. Much of the research is carried out in academic institutions and then developed in the private sector. Patents do not have to be issued through scientific institutions. Patents from scientific institutions are intended to have a certain economic return on the investment made in research when the patent is transferred to industry. A bibliometric analysis was carried out using the Scopus and SciVal databases. This study analyses all the research carried out in the field of agronomy and related sciences (Agricultural and Biological Sciences category of Scopus database) by EU-27 countries, which has been cited in at least one international patent. The data show that out of about 1 million published works only about 28,000 have been used as a source of patents. This study highlights the main countries and institutions in terms of this transfer. Among these, Germany, France and Spain stand out in absolute terms, but considering the degree of specialization. Regarding their specialization the institution ranking is led by Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (58%), AgroParisTech (52%), Wageningen University & Research (48%), and INRAE (38%). It also analyses which journals used for this transfer are most important. For these publications more than 90% of the articles have had a higher-than-expected citation level for the year of publication, the type of publication and the discipline in which they are categorized. The most-obtained research fields can be distinguished as those related to genetics or mo-lecular biology, those related to specific foods, such as cheeses, milk, breads or oils, and, thirdly, the group covering food-related constituents such as caseins, probiotics, glutens, or starch.

ACS Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27. Agronomy 2021, 11, 252 .

AMA Style

Mila Cascajares, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; Esther Salmerón-Manzano; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2021. "Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27." Agronomy 11, no. 2: 252.

Review
Published: 28 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Sustainable development is a global objective that aims to address the societal challenge of climate action, the environment, resource efficiency, and raw materials. In this sense, an important strategy is the promotion of green packaging, that is, the use of sustainable materials and designs for the packaging of goods. In recent years, many research works have been published in the specialised area covering the different perspectives and dimensions of green packaging. However, to our knowledge, no previous investigations have analysed the research activity on green packaging from business and consumer perspectives. The present study intends to fill this gap by analysing all of the publications found in the Scopus database with the help of visual analytic tools, including word clouds and Gephi network visualization software. More specifically, our study analyses the impact of green packaging from business and consumer viewpoints, including some specific issues such as the design and materials used in green packaging, green packaging costs, marketing strategies and corporate social responsibility related to green packaging, and the impact of green packaging in waste management, the circular economy, logistics, and supply chain management. The results obtained reveal the growing interest of scholars and researchers in all of these dimensions, as is made patently clear by the increasing number of journal publications in recent years. The practical implications of this study are significant, given the growing awareness among companies and consumers about the importance of the promotion of sustainable development through green packaging alternatives. More specifically, the results of this research could be very useful for all of those agents who are interested in learning about the main lines of research being developed in the field of green packaging.

ACS Style

Gonzalo Wandosell; María Parra-Meroño; Alfredo Alcayde; Raúl Baños. Green Packaging from Consumer and Business Perspectives. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1356 .

AMA Style

Gonzalo Wandosell, María Parra-Meroño, Alfredo Alcayde, Raúl Baños. Green Packaging from Consumer and Business Perspectives. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonzalo Wandosell; María Parra-Meroño; Alfredo Alcayde; Raúl Baños. 2021. "Green Packaging from Consumer and Business Perspectives." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1356.

Perspective
Published: 18 December 2020 in Energies
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Energy efficiency and management is certainly one of the key drivers of human progress. Thus, the trends in the energy research are a topic of interest for the scientific community. The aim of this study is to highlight global research trends in this field through the analysis of a scientific journal indexed exclusively in the energy and fuels category. For this purpose, a journal has been selected that is in the center of the category considering its impact factor, which is only indexed in this category and of open access, Energies of the publisher MDPI. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis of all the contents of the journal between 2008 and 2020, 13,740 documents published, has been carried out. Analyzing the articles that are linked to each other by their citations, 14 clusters or research topics have been detected: smart grids; climate change–electric energy community; energy storage; bioenergy sources; prediction algorithms applied to power; optimization of the grid link for renewable energy; wind power; sustainability of power systems; hydrocarbon improvements; conversion of thermal/electrical energy; electric motor advancements; marine renewable energy; hydropower and energy storage; and preventive techniques in power transformers. The main keywords found were electric vehicle, renewable energy, microgrid, smart grid, and energy efficiency. In short, energy research remains necessary to meet the future challenge of sustainable energy with high efficiency and the exploration of new renewable resources, all for increasingly sustainable cities.

ACS Style

Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Isabel Robalo; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Francisco G. Montoya. Energies and Its Worldwide Research. Energies 2020, 13, 6700 .

AMA Style

Nuria Novas, Alfredo Alcayde, Isabel Robalo, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco G. Montoya. Energies and Its Worldwide Research. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6700.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Isabel Robalo; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Francisco G. Montoya. 2020. "Energies and Its Worldwide Research." Energies 13, no. 24: 6700.

Review
Published: 24 November 2020 in Education Sciences
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In recent years, several innovations have emerged in the field of education, including Blended-Learning, Massive Open Online Courses, Flipped Classroom and Gamification. In particular, several investigations have highlighted the effectiveness of student response systems, or clickers, in different subjects and disciplines. Although some literature reviews have been published on this subject, none of them offer a review of a large volume of publications from a multidisciplinary approach. Similarly, in the literature there are no studies that have analyzed scientific collaborations on this subject. To respond to these concerns, we proposed the use of a bot to retrieve information from a large number of papers (1696 documents co-authored by a total of 4091 researchers) included in the Scopus database. The disciplines covered include natural sciences, engineering and technology, medical and health sciences, agricultural and veterinary sciences, social sciences and humanities, and the arts. The review of the literature reveals that student response systems are generally well-perceived by teachers and students in all the disciplines. Another interesting result achieved from visual data obtained using network visualization software and word clouds is that student response systems are mainly used in some disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, medicine, and nursing. It is clearly observed that the relationship between researchers from the same country is stronger than between researchers from different countries. Finally, some reflections are included on the role of student response systems in online teaching, especially regarding the changes experienced after the COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Rosario I. Herrada; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde. Student Response Systems: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Using Visual Analytics. Education Sciences 2020, 10, 348 .

AMA Style

Rosario I. Herrada, Raúl Baños, Alfredo Alcayde. Student Response Systems: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Using Visual Analytics. Education Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rosario I. Herrada; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde. 2020. "Student Response Systems: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Using Visual Analytics." Education Sciences 10, no. 12: 348.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Mathematics
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Real-world complex systems are often modeled by networks such that the elements are represented by vertices and their interactions are represented by edges. An important characteristic of these networks is that they contain clusters of vertices densely linked amongst themselves and more sparsely connected to nodes outside the cluster. Community detection in networks has become an emerging area of investigation in recent years, but most papers aim to solve single-objective formulations, often focused on optimizing structural metrics, including the modularity measure. However, several studies have highlighted that considering modularityas a unique objective often involves resolution limit and imbalance inconveniences. This paper opens a new avenue of research in the study of multi-objective variants of the classical community detection problem by applying multi-objective evolutionary algorithms that simultaneously optimize different objectives. In particular, they analyzed two multi-objective variants involving not only modularity but also the conductance metric and the imbalance in the number of nodes of the communities. With this aim, a new Pareto-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is presented that includes advanced initialization strategies and search operators. The results obtained when solving large-scale networks representing real-life power systems show the good performance of these methods and demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a balanced number of nodes in the clusters formed while also having high modularity and conductance values.

ACS Style

Manuel Guerrero; Consolación Gil; Francisco G. Montoya; Alfredo Alcayde; Raúl Baños. Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms to Find Community Structures in Large Networks. Mathematics 2020, 8, 2048 .

AMA Style

Manuel Guerrero, Consolación Gil, Francisco G. Montoya, Alfredo Alcayde, Raúl Baños. Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms to Find Community Structures in Large Networks. Mathematics. 2020; 8 (11):2048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Guerrero; Consolación Gil; Francisco G. Montoya; Alfredo Alcayde; Raúl Baños. 2020. "Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms to Find Community Structures in Large Networks." Mathematics 8, no. 11: 2048.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in Electric Power Systems Research
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The aim of this work is to present major upgrades to existing power theories based on geometric algebra for single-phase circuits in the frequency domain. It also embodies an interesting new approach with respect to traditionally accepted power theories, revisiting power concepts in both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal systems with linear and nonlinear loads for a proper identification of its components to achieve passive compensation of true non-active current. Moreover, it outlines traditional power theories based on the apparent power S and confirms that these should definitively be reconsidered. It is evidenced that traditional proposals based on the concepts of Budeanu, Fryze and others fail to identify the interactions between voltage and current harmonics. Based on the initial work of Castro-Núñez and others, new aspects not previously included are detailed, modified and reformulated. As a result, it is now possible to analyze non sinusoidal electrical circuits, establishing power balances that comply with the principle of energy conservation, and achieving optimal compensation scenarios with both passive and active elements in linear and non-linear loads.

ACS Style

Francisco G. Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos. A new approach to single-phase systems under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply using geometric algebra. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 189, 106605 .

AMA Style

Francisco G. Montoya, Raúl Baños, Alfredo Alcayde, Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos. A new approach to single-phase systems under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply using geometric algebra. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 189 ():106605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco G. Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos. 2020. "A new approach to single-phase systems under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply using geometric algebra." Electric Power Systems Research 189, no. : 106605.

Editorial
Published: 01 July 2020 in Symmetry
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Symmetry can be understood in two different ways: as a property or as a principle. As Plato said, the symmetry that can be seen in nature is not random in itself, because it is a result of the symmetries of the physical laws. Thus, the principles of symmetry have been used to solve mechanical problems since antiquity. Today, these principles are still being researched; for example, in chemical engineering, the spatial symmetry properties of crystal lattices are being studied, or in electrical engineering, the temporal symmetry of the periodic processes of oscillators can be observed. This Special Issue is dedicated to symmetry in engineering sciences (electrical, mechanical, civil, and others) and aims to cover both engineering solutions related to symmetry and the search for patterns to understand the phenomena observed.

ACS Style

Francisco Gil Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Symmetry in Engineering Sciences II. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1077 .

AMA Style

Francisco Gil Montoya, Raúl Baños, Alfredo Alcayde, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Symmetry in Engineering Sciences II. Symmetry. 2020; 12 (7):1077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Gil Montoya; Raúl Baños; Alfredo Alcayde; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "Symmetry in Engineering Sciences II." Symmetry 12, no. 7: 1077.

Review
Published: 11 June 2020 in Electronics
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The contributions of researchers at a global level in the journal Electronics in the period 2012–2020 are analyzed. The objective of this work is to establish a global vision of the issues published in the Electronic magazine and their importance, advances and developments that have been particularly relevant for subsequent research. The magazine has 15 thematic sections and a general one, with the programming of 385 special issues for 2020–2021. Using the Scopus database and bibliometric techniques, 2310 documents are obtained and distributed in 14 thematic communities. The communities that contribute to the greatest number of works are Power Electronics (20.13%), Embedded Computer Systems (13.59%) and Internet of Things and Machine Learning Systems (8.11%). A study of the publications by authors, affiliations, countries as well as the H index was undertaken. The 7561 authors analyzed are distributed in 87 countries, with China being the country of the majority (2407 authors), followed by South Korea (763 authors). The H-index of most authors (75.89%) ranges from 0 to 9, where the authors with the highest H-Index are from the United States, Denmark, Italy and India. The main publication format is the article (92.16%) and the review (5.84%) The magazine publishes topics in continuous development that will be further investigated and published in the near future in fields as varied as the transport sector, energy systems, the development of new broadband semiconductors, new modulation and control techniques, and more.

ACS Style

Rosa M. García Salvador; Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Dalia El Khaled; Francisco G. Montoya. Electronics and Its Worldwide Research. Electronics 2020, 9, 977 .

AMA Style

Rosa M. García Salvador, Nuria Novas, Alfredo Alcayde, Dalia El Khaled, Francisco G. Montoya. Electronics and Its Worldwide Research. Electronics. 2020; 9 (6):977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rosa M. García Salvador; Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Dalia El Khaled; Francisco G. Montoya. 2020. "Electronics and Its Worldwide Research." Electronics 9, no. 6: 977.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Investments in research and development (R&D) and innovation are expensive, and one wishes to be assured that there is positive feedback and to receive guidance on how to direct investments in the future. The social or economic benefits of investments in R&D are of particular interest to policymakers. In this regard, public expense in research, especially through universities, is sometimes being questioned. This paper establishes a measure of how research in Spain, and specifically in its universities, is involved. In this study, we have analyzed all the literature cited in the period 1998–2018 produced by Spanish institutions and which has been cited in at least one international patent, obtaining more than 40,000 publications from more than 160,000 different authors. The data have been surprisingly positive, showing that practically all public universities contribute to this subject and that there is a great deal of international collaboration, both in terms of the number of countries with which they collaborate and the prestige of the institutions involved. Regarding the specific scientific fields in which this collaboration is most relevant, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, and medicine together account for almost 40% of the total works. The topics most used by these publications were those of diseases or medical problems such as: Neoplams, Carcinoma, Alzheimer Disease, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Oncology was according to the All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) the leading and central issue. Therefore, although the result of basic research is difficult to quantify, when it is observed that there is a return in fields such as medicine or global health, it can be said that it is well employed. In terms of journals from a purely bibliometric point of view, it has been observed that some journals do not have a great impact or relative position within their categories, but they do have a great relevance in this area of patent support. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to set up a rank for scientific journals based on the citations of patents, so the percentage of articles cited in patents with Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) >1, and as an indicator of scientific transfer from universities or research centres, the transference index in patents (TIP) is also proposed.

ACS Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; José Antonio Garrido-Cardenas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Contribution of Spanish Science to Patents: Medicine as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3638 .

AMA Style

Mila Cascajares, Alfredo Alcayde, José Antonio Garrido-Cardenas, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. The Contribution of Spanish Science to Patents: Medicine as Case of Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mila Cascajares; Alfredo Alcayde; José Antonio Garrido-Cardenas; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2020. "The Contribution of Spanish Science to Patents: Medicine as Case of Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3638.

Review
Published: 18 May 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This paper describes the characteristics of contributions made by researchers worldwide in the field of ELF (extremely low frequency) waves from 1957 to 2019. The data were collected through the Scopus database and processed with analytical and bibliometric techniques. The selection of the keywords is an essential step, because ELF has a very different meaning in some areas of medicine, where it is associated with a gene. A total of 12,436 documents were worked on in 12 thematic communities according to their collaborative relationships between authors and documents. Studies included authors publishing in the different thematic areas and the country where the USA stands first with more researchers in this theme than China and Japan. Documents were analyzed from the temporal perspective, their overall contribution, means of publication, and the language of the publication. Research requires extra effort and multidisciplinary collaboration to improve the knowledge, the application, and influence of these fields.

ACS Style

Alfredo Alcayde García; Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Dalia El El Khaled; Manuel Fernández-Ros; José Antonio Gazquez. Progress in the Knowledge, Application and Influence of Extremely Low Frequency Signals. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3494 .

AMA Style

Alfredo Alcayde García, Nuria Novas, Alfredo Alcayde, Dalia El El Khaled, Manuel Fernández-Ros, José Antonio Gazquez. Progress in the Knowledge, Application and Influence of Extremely Low Frequency Signals. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (10):3494.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfredo Alcayde García; Nuria Novas; Alfredo Alcayde; Dalia El El Khaled; Manuel Fernández-Ros; José Antonio Gazquez. 2020. "Progress in the Knowledge, Application and Influence of Extremely Low Frequency Signals." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3494.

Review
Published: 28 January 2020 in Inventions
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Most offshore wind farms built thus far are based on waters below 30 m deep, either using big diameter steel monopiles or a gravity base. Now, offshore windfarms are starting to be installed in deeper waters and the use of these structures—used for oil and gas like jackets and tripods—is becoming more competitive. Setting aside these calls for direct or fixed foundations, and thinking of water depths beyond 50 m, there is a completely new line of investigation focused on the usage of floating structures; TLP (tension leg platform), Spar (large deep craft cylindrical floating caisson), and semisubmersible are the most studied. We analyze these in detail at the end of this document. Nevertheless, it is foreseen that we must still wait sometime before these solutions, based on floating structures, can become truth from a commercial point of view, due to the higher cost, rather than direct or fixed foundations. In addition, it is more likely that some technical modifications in the wind turbines will have to be implemented to improve their function. Regarding wind farm connections to grid, it can be found from traditional designs such as radial, star or ring. On the other hand, for wind generator modeling, classifications can be established, modeling the wind turbine and modeling the wind farm. Finally, for the wind generator control, the main strategies are: passive stall, active stall, and pitch control; and when it is based on wind generation zone: fixed speed and variable speed. Lastly, the trend is to use strategies based on synchronous machines, as the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG).

ACS Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Miguel Sánchez-Calero; Alfredo Alcayde; Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Esther Salmeron-Manzano. Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid. Inventions 2020, 5, 8 .

AMA Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Miguel Sánchez-Calero, Alfredo Alcayde, Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez, Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno, Esther Salmeron-Manzano. Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid. Inventions. 2020; 5 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Miguel Sánchez-Calero; Alfredo Alcayde; Carlos San-Antonio-Gómez; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Esther Salmeron-Manzano. 2020. "Wind Turbines Offshore Foundations and Connections to Grid." Inventions 5, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Symmetry
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Multibody system dynamics is already a well developed branch of theoretical, computational and applied mechanics. Thousands of documents can be found in any of the well-known scientific databases. In this work it is demonstrated that multibody system dynamics is built of many thematic communities. Using the Elsevier’s abstract and citation database SCOPUS, a massive amount of data is collected and analyzed with the use of the open source visualization tool Gephi. The information is represented as a large set of nodes with connections to study their graphical distribution and explore geometry and symmetries. A randomized radial symmetry is found in the graphical representation of the collected information. Furthermore, the concept of modularity is used to demonstrate that community structures are present in the field of multibody system dynamics. In particular, twenty-four different thematic communities have been identified. The scientific production of each community is analyzed, which allows to predict its growing rate in the next years. The journals and conference proceedings mainly used by the authors belonging to the community as well as the cooperation between them by country are also analyzed.

ACS Style

Alfredo Alcayde García; Alfredo Alcayde; Javier López-Martínez; Francisco Gil Montoya. Detection of Communities within the Multibody System Dynamics Network and Analysis of Their Relations. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1525 .

AMA Style

Alfredo Alcayde García, Alfredo Alcayde, Javier López-Martínez, Francisco Gil Montoya. Detection of Communities within the Multibody System Dynamics Network and Analysis of Their Relations. Symmetry. 2019; 11 (12):1525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfredo Alcayde García; Alfredo Alcayde; Javier López-Martínez; Francisco Gil Montoya. 2019. "Detection of Communities within the Multibody System Dynamics Network and Analysis of Their Relations." Symmetry 11, no. 12: 1525.