There has been huge interest in applications of nanomaterials in biomedical science, including diagnosis, drug delivery, and development of human organs. Number of these nanomaterials has been already studied in human or at pre-clinical trial. There is a growing concern on potential toxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health, including lack of standard method of assessment of toxicology of these materials. Our investigation indicated that the bare and small nanoparticle have higher toxicity than modified and bulk materials, respectively. In addition, spherical nanoparticles have less toxicity than rod nanoparticles due to immune response of body.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane and secreted by all types of cells. They are classified into three groups: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Exosomes play a number of important roles in the intercellular communication and crosstalk between tissues in the body. In this study, we use three common methods based on different principles for exosome isolation, namely ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation. We use field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses for characterization of exosomes. The functionality and effect of isolated exosomes on the viability of hypoxic cells was investigated by alamarBlue and Flow-cytometry. The results of the FESEM study show that the ultrafiltration method isolates vesicles with higher variability of shapes and sizes when compared to the precipitation and ultracentrifugation methods. DLS results show that mean size of exosomes isolated by ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods are 122, 89, and 60 nm respectively. AlamarBlue analysis show that isolated exosomes increase the viability of damaged cells by 11%, 15%, and 22%, respectively. Flow-cytometry analysis of damaged cells also show that these vesicles increase the content of live cells by 9%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. This study shows that exosomes isolated by the ultracentrifugation method are characterized by smaller size and narrow size distribution. Furthermore, more homogenous particles isolated by this method show increased efficiency of the protection of hypoxic cells in comparison with the exosomes isolated by the two other methods.