The approach of evaluating the final scores of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods according to the strength of association with real-life rankings is interesting for comparing MCDM methods. This approach has recently been applied mostly to financial data. In these studies, where it is emphasized that some methods show more stable success, it would be useful to see the results that will emerge by testing the approach on different data structures more comprehensively. Moreover, not only the final MCDM results but also the performance of normalization techniques and data types (fuzzy or crisp), which are components of MCDM, can be compared using the same approach. These components also have the potential to affect MCDM results directly. In this direction, in our study, the economic performances of G-20 (Group of 20) countries, which have different data structures, were calculated over ten different periodic decision matrices. Ten different crisp-based MCDM methods (COPRAS, CODAS, MOORA, TOPSIS, MABAC, VIKOR (S, R, Q), FUCA, and ELECTRE III) with different capabilities were used to better visualize the big picture. The relationships between two different real-life reference anchors and MCDM methods were used as a basis for comparison. The CODAS method develops a high correlation with both anchors in most periods. The most appropriate normalization technique for CODAS was identified using these two anchors. Interestingly, the maximum normalization technique was the most successful among the alternatives (max, min–max, vector, sum, and alternative ranking-based). Moreover, we compared the two main data types by comparing the correlation results of crisp-based and fuzzy-based CODAS. The results were very consistent, and the “Maximum normalization-based fuzzy integrated CODAS procedure” was proposed to decision-makers to measure the economic performance of the countries.

Unemployment is among the main economic problems not only for developed countries but also for underdeveloped countries. The European Union, which was mostly composed of developed Western European countries until 2004, has grown with the participation of Eastern European countries in the following years. In its current form, the European Union consists of countries with different levels of development. The European Union should undoubtedly consider this structure of the union in the economic policies it develops. The existence of unemployment hysteresis, which shows the situation in which unemployment, which increased after an economic shock, does not return to its former levels, is important for policymakers of the union countries, especially in terms of methods of combating unemployment. This study aims to examine unemployment hysteresis for the EU-15 and EU-28 over the average values in the 2001Q1-2019Q4 period. In addition to the traditional unit root tests of Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP), the Fractional Frequency Fourier ADF Unit Root Test developed by Bozoklu et al. (2020) has been used as the methodology. The data are obtained from Eurostat, the official website of the European Union where statistics are published. As a result of the study, evidence is found that the hysteresis hypothesis is valid in EU-15 and EU-28 according to all three analyzes used. In the study, the use of the Fractional Frequency Fourier ADF Unit Root Test, which is the most up-to-date test, contributes to the literature.

Bütçe kanunu gereğince her yıl bir sonraki yıl için vergi gelirleri tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak ekonomik konjonktür sebebi ile tahmin edilen vergi gelirleri ile tahsil edilen vergi gelirleri arasında farklılıklar oluşmaktadır. Ekonomik konjonktürün seyrine göre vergi tahsilatı planlanandan fazla veya düşük olarak gerçekleşebilmektedir. Bu durum çalışmada vergi tahmin sapması olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Çalışmada vergi tahmin sapması ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada veriler öncelikle Augmented Dickey Fuller birim kök testi ile durağanlık sınamasına tabi tutulmuştur. Ardından değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi ve Etki-Tepki analizi ile araştırılmıştır. Johansen Eşbütünleşme testinin sonucuna göre her iki değişkende birbiri ile eşbütünleşiktir. Etki tepki analizinin sonuçlarına göre ise değişkenlerde meydana gelen şoklar 3 dönem boyunca diğer değişken üzerinde etki oluşturmaktadır.

Agriculture, which has historically been the main employment generating sector, is still very important in newly industrializing countries such as Turkey. Theoretically, it is thought that its share in GNP will decrease over time, but the depth of the decrease will depend on the economic impact of agriculture. One way to measure this effect is to adapt the Phillips curve for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the validity of the Phillips curve in the Turkish agricultural sector. The study is conducted by the Augmented Dickey Fuller, Phillips Perron and Zivot-Anders Unit Root Tests as well as Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Autoregressive Distributed Lag tests via TURKSTAT 2014Q1-2020Q3 dataset. Reviewing these test, we find that the cointegration coefficient calculated by the NARDL model is negative, yet statistically significant. Accordingly, the short-term imbalances are eliminated in the long-run and the system converges to the long-run equilibrium values. Nonetheless, since the coefficient is greater than one, it is a sign of significant fluctuations in the convergence of the system to the long-term equilibrium. Additionally, the long-run negative cointegrated relationship of unemployment and inflation indicates that the Phillips Curve is valid in Turkish agricultural sector.

Kayıt dışı ekonomi resmi kayıtlarda, yasal belgelerde bulunmayan, yasal düzenlemeler ile kontrol edilemeyen ve dolayısıyla ulusal hesaplamalarda yer almayan ekonomik ve mali işlemlerdir. Bu çalışma temelde 3 bölümden oluşmuştur. Birinci bölümün amacı kayıt dışı ekonomi kavramını açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Bu bağlamda ilgili bölümde kavramsal bir çerçeve sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise kayıt dışı ekonominin temel özellikleri irdelenmiş ona yol açan sebepler ele alınmıştır. Ek olarak kayıt dışı ekonominin yarattığı sonuçlar da incelenmiştir. 3. Bölümde ise kayıt dışı ekonominin Türkiye ekonomisindeki temel makro ekonomik göstergelerle bağlantısı ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye’de kayıt dışı ekonominin büyüklüğü üzerine yapılan tartışmaları bir arada ele almıştır. Böylece literatürde yer alan çalışmaların sonuçlarını değerlendirme olanağı da ortaya çıkmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ek olarak kayıt dışı ekonominin yarattığı sorunlar ve buna karşı uygulanacak politika önerilerinde de bulunulmuştur. Kayıt dışı ekonomiye ilişkin ölçüm güçlükleri, konunun önemi oranında yayın yapılmaması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Literatürde konunun önemine dikkat çeken yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma ile literatüre katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Son olarak politika yapıcılara kayıt dışı ekonominin yol açtığı sorunları hafifletmeye yarayacak politika önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.

Tax revenues are one of the main factors necessary for the continuation of the economic activities of the countries. Tax revenues are of vital importance for countries. Collection of all accrued taxes increases public revenues. However, not all accrued taxes can be collected. In the study, the relationship between the accrual/collection rate of taxes and economic growth was investigated using annual data for the period 1970-2020. ARDL Boundary Test is used to investigate the relationship between the variables. According to the results of the study, there is a significant long-term relationship between tax collection rates and economic growth. In addition, according to the results of the long-term coefficient equation, a positive and significant result was determined between the accrual/collection rate of taxes and economic growth.