Evaluating spatial–temporal patterns in land use and land cover (LULC) and related operations, like land surface temperature (LST), is crucial to ensuring long-term sustainability at all levels. The main purpose of this research, identify the LULC and LST changes over a 20 years in the Vehari district using Google earth engine (GEE). A combination of GEE and training points were used to create the LULC maps for 2003, 2013, and 2023 and also determine the connection between temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in study area. According to this study, build-up area was increased from 402 sq. km. (8.55%) to 742 sq. km. (16.93%) from 2003 to 2023, while the amount of vegetation decreased by 418 sq. km. (7.34%) in study area. In general, LST values were calculated from 12.11 °C to 27.17 °C in 2003, 16.24 °C to 34.65 °C in 2013, and 19.88 °C to 41.68 °C in 2023 in district Vehari. Relation of NDVI with LST, the present study found regression coefficients ( R ² ) of 0.84, 0.82 and 0.82 for 2003, 2013, and 2023, respectively. Nearly, 79% of farmers reported that weather patterns had changed recently, with 71% stating that this had affected farming and 53% stating that the intensity of rainfall had decreased. To adapt and control agricultural systems in a fair and equitable manner to changing climate circumstances, this study contributes to advancing environmental science while addressing key ecological and societal concerns. The results of this study will, therefore, be very helpful to city planners and political leaders as they create local plans and policies for sustainable LULC management.

The world has already been facing food, nutrition, and security challenges for the last few decades. The coronavirus 2019, COVID-19, has a significant impact on food security and agriculture, such as affecting food demand and the food supply chain, with the greatest consequences on the most vulnerable population. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of COVID-19 on global agriculture and food security, drawing on recent scientific publications, institutional reports, and policy documents from 2020 to 2026. The review examines the impact of the pandemic on cropping patterns, fruit and vegetable harvests, availability of farm inputs, connectivity of the agricultural system, food supply chains, food demand, and labor availability. Vegetable and fruit markets were most affected due to the spread of COVID-19. Due to the closing of markets and restaurants, produce distributors and farmers were required to transfer supplies entirely from the food production to the marketplace. These effects are additionally being felt in agriculture and food security. Almost 55% of researchers indicated that COVID-19 has the most impact on agriculture and its complete harvest during the season, and an additional 45% stated that COVID-19 has adversely affected food security. However, food has slowed down well to date in numerous nations. The spread of COVID-19 is beginning to disrupt the supply of agricultural products and food to consumers and the marketplace across and within borders. The different spring crops, such as sunflower, canola, maize, barley, spring wheat, and various field vegetables, cannot be grown during COVID-19. Consequently, COVID-19 has had a binding effect on the food supply chain and agriculture due to the disruption, which the government should have addressed promptly.