Gastrointestinal schwannomas are benign, slow-growing and usually asymptomatic tumors. In some cases bleeding, epigastric pain and palpable mass may be occurring. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging due to the difficulty of differentiation from other submucosal tumors. Diagnosis is most often provided through the histology report. In this study we report two cases of gastric tumors with the suspicion of a GIST preoperatively but histologically confirmed to be gastric schwannomas. Two patients of our study gave to us their written consent for publication. Research work has been reported with the PROCESS criteria. Surgical resection should be considered the mainstay of treatment in patients with gastric schwannomas. Possible complications such as bleeding or pyloric stenosis can be presented. The size and location of the tumor, as well as its relation to the surrounding organs, are essential factors in determining the type of resection. Gastric schwannomas are usually presented us submucosal mass. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging due to the difficulty of differentiation from other submucosal tumors. Endoscopic Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy and endoscopic ultrasound is essential to determine the nature of these lesions. Resection of the lesion in healthy borders is the treatment of choice. Patho-logical examination usually revealed positive S-100 protein and negative CD34, CD117, Actin and desmin strains.

Most colorectal cancer patients in the early stages of the disease do not display any alarming symptoms. A total percentage of 9-27% of colorectal cancer patients present with acute abdomen, bowel obstruction, perforation, or bleeding. Perforation as the first presentation of the disease is seen in no more than 2.6-10% of patients. Intestinal perforation may be found on either the site of the tumor or on a more proximal site, caused by distention of the bowel due to peripheral obstruction. This is a case of a 75-year-old female patient who presents in the emergency department with retroperitoneal cecal perforation due to an obstructing tumor of the ascending colon. She underwent an emergency right hemicolectomy and washout of the retroperitoneal space. The cecum is not an unusual site of distention and subsequent perforation in the case of colonic obstruction, especially in the presence of a competent ileocecal valve. While the mechanism of diastatic cecal perforation is well described, it is the first time in the literature that this does not occur on the anterior surface of the organ. In our case, cecal perforation presents as a retroperitoneal abscess without peritoneal spillage. Nonetheless, it still carries a grim prognosis and urgent surgical intervention is needed.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global public health issue, recognized as a chronic and progressive disease that can affect multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Research shows that there is a specific link between the GI tract and the central nervous system, termed the gut–brain axis, which consists of bidirectional exchange between these two. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated intestinal barrier dysfunction, intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis in patients with TBI. It is proven that probiotics can modulate the inflammatory process and modify gut microbiota. Numerous animal studies and human clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of selected bacterial strains as an adjuvant treatment in reducing inflammation, infection rates and time spent in intensive care of hospitalized patients suffering from brain injury. Thus, this review summarizes the current evidence regarding the beneficial effects of probiotic administration in patients suffering from TBI-related complications. This review will help identify novel therapeutic strategies in the future as probiotics have an extensive history of apparently safe use.

Background: Epidermoid cysts are benign slow-growing congenital lesions, constituting approximately 1% of all cranial tumors. Most of these lesions are located intradurally, while about 10–25% of them are located within the diploic spaces. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts are usually discovered incidentally and may remain asymptomatic for many years, but in rare instances, they may grow intracranially and produce brain compression. Sometimes, intradiploic epidermoid cysts may occlude the main cranial venous sinuses causing intracranial hypertension. Case Description: We present the case of a 24-year-old male harboring a paramedian right occipital intradiploic cyst with erosion of both outer and inner bony tables, which occluded the torcular herophili producing a worsening symptomatology with acute-onset diplopia from right sixth cranial nerve palsy; the patient also presented bilateral papilledema, but only reported mild headache and dizziness. Neuroradiological studies evidentiated a lesion compatible with intradiploic epidermoid cyst with intralesional hemorrhagic component, overlying and almost completely occluding the torcular herophili. Considering the fast worsening of symptomatology and the evidence of intracranial hypertension, the patient was operated on immediately after completion of clinical and radiological assessment. The lesion was radically removed with almost immediate reversal of signs and symptoms. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of epidermoid cyst with intralesional hemorrhagic components. Conclusion: Intradiploic epidermoid cysts may cause intracranial hypertension by occlusion of main cranial venous sinuses; intralesional hemorrhage may act as precipitating factor in occlusion of the torcular herophili, producing rapidly worsening intracranial hypertension, which requires prompt surgical treatment to reverse symptomatology. Radical surgical resection is necessary to avoid recurrence.

Subgaleal hematoma, accumulation of blood in the loose areolar tissue of the subgaleal space of the skull, is considered the most catastrophic complication of instrumental delivery. It is a rare finding in older ages, usually associated with coagulation disorders, severe head trauma leading to skull base fractures and accidental or abusive hair pulling. Complications include periorbital necrotising fasciitis, permanent blindness, infections and, in extreme rare cases, airway obstruction. Most cases of subgaleal hematoma resolve spontaneously, without the need of aspiration or drainage. We present here the case of a 62-year-old male on anticoagulant therapy with apixaban for chronic atrial fibrillation, who came to the emergency department after a car accident suffering from mild head trauma. The patient was complaining of a diffuse headache and physical examination showed a large ecchymosis and edema on the frontal area of the head. His neurological examination was unremarkable. Full-body computed tomography (CT) revealed a fracture of the third right rib. Twelve hours after admission, due to an excessive decrease of hematocrit, a second CT was performed. Although the images didn’t show intracranial hemorrhage or skull base fractures, a large and diffuse hematoma of the subaponeurotic space was observed and the diagnosis of subgaleal hematoma was confirmed. Massive subgaleal hematoma after mild head trauma is rather infrequent. Early diagnosis improves outcomes and can avert serious complications. Therapeutic strategy should be based on the severity of each case. In our case, conservative treatment appeared to be a valid alternative to surgery, as hematoma resolved spontaneously within 10 days. It is noteworthy that the use of anticoagulation is the only evident factor that could have been the precipitating factor for the development of the hematoma in our patient.

Introduction . Schwannomas or neurilemmomas are rare, benign, and usually solitary lesions that arise from the nerve sheath. In the majority of cases, these tumors involve the extremities, head, neck, and trunk. Case Presentation . In the present study, a 52‐year‐old man presented to our surgical department for the evaluation of a symptomatic lump in his left lateral abdominal wall. CT and MRI confirmed the presence of a cystic mass located between the external and internal oblique muscles. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed it to be benign schwannoma. Discussion . Schwannomas have rarely been reported in the abdominal wall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of schwannoma located in the left upper abdominal wall and the fifth case of abdominal wall schwannoma reported according to the reviewed medical literature. Conclusion . Benign schwannoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic and symptomatic lesions of the abdominal wall. The treatment of choice is surgical excision, and recurrence is extremely rare.