Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections and can cause significant morbidity, particularly in women. Recurrent UTIs are a significant clinical problem, and current prophylactic measures, such as antibiotics, are associated with side effects and the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional treatments for recurrent UTIs. Probiotics can act by modulating the host's immune system, competitively excluding uropathogens, and producing antibacterial substances, such as bacteriocins. Clinical evidence supports the use of probiotics as a safe and effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs. However, selecting appropriate probiotic strains for UTIs can be challenging, and the safety and efficacy of probiotics depend on the strain, dosage, and timing of administration. The safety profile of probiotics is generally excellent, and side effects are usually mild and self-limiting. However, certain populations, such as immunocompromised and critically ill patients, may be at increased risk of adverse events, and caution should be exercised when considering probiotic use in these populations. Strategies for ensuring probiotic safety and efficacy include adherence to good manufacturing practices, rigorous testing for the presence of contaminants, and standardization of dosing and administration protocols. Despite the potential of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs, several challenges and limitations remain. These include limited access to high-quality probiotic products, challenges in selecting appropriate strains, and lack of consensus regarding optimal dosing and duration of probiotic use. Future research should focus on identifying optimal probiotic strains and regimens for the prevention and treatment of UTIs, understanding the role of gut microbiota in urogenital health, and developing new probiotic technologies and delivery methods.

Autophagy is a well-known vital process in cells and plays a significant role in biological evolution, the immune system, and cell death. It can be effective in fatal disorders, such as nervous system degeneration, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Autophagy has a dual role; on the one hand, it increases cell survival, and on the other hand, it causes cell death in advanced stages although no agreement has yet been accomplished on the role of autophagy in cellular processes. There is evidence that autophagic signaling regulation is inversely related to oncogenic signaling. Numerous commonly activated oncogenes (class I PtdIns3K, Akt, TOR, Bcl-2) inhibit autophagy, while commonly mutated or epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes (p53, PTEN, TSC1/TSC2) promote autophagy. Autophagy promotes cancer progression by supplying sufficient nutrients that enable cancer cell growth. FIP200, a related- autophagy protein, interacts with ATG 13 and induces autophagy. Increased autophagy causes the interaction of Becklin 118 with HER2, resulting in an increase in tumorigenesis. In order to make complete use of the autophagic properties in cancer treatment, further studies on its role in disease in the different biologics fields are essential. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can regenerate, cause cancer, and enhance resistance to treatment, metastasis, and recurrence. Autophagy moderates stressful conditions and promotes resistance to anticancer therapy. In addition, autophagy regulates the ability of radiation in CSCs and leads to failure in anticancer therapies. Hence, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target for metastasis resistance and anticancer therapy recurrence. Regulation of autophagy using autophagy modulators alone does not improve the therapeutic effects of anticancer reagents. In contrast, it has supplied nutrients for cancer cells. Consequently, clinical trials aiming for autophagy through a combination of autophagy modulations and anticancer reagents are crucial to consider autophagy as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy in anticancer therapy.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), one of the five most important bacteria with global threat to human health due to constantly increasing resistance (ESKAPE organisms), identified as a enormous threat in healthcare facilities, can create antibiotic resistance. The implementation of early detection and identification of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is serious to control its spread. The this study presents the human infection of A. baumannii, pathological findings, virulence factors of A. baumannii, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and the therapeutic options available for treating A. baumannii infections. The ability of A. baumannii to develop antibiotic resistance mechanisms allows the organism to prosper in hospital settings, facilitating the global spread of multidrug-resistant strains. To dominate this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. As reported, A. baumannii resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems increased, and resistance to lipopeptides, such as polymyxin B and colistin, are lower compared to that of other antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, novel prevention and treatment strategies against A. baumannii infections are warranted.

Ivermectin is a well-known antiparasitic drug in the macrolide class with a 16-membered ring. It has been used for treating various parasitic diseases, including onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The present study aimed to review the mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications of Ivermectin as an anticancer agent. It has been used for over three decades, and its safety has been well-established in humans A growing body of evidence suggests that ivermectin has anticancer properties, making it an attractive candidate for treating various types of cancer. The reason is that ivermectin targets multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3 pathways, to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Inhibition of these pathways by ivermectin leads to suppression of cancer cell growth. Additionally, ivermectin has been shown to induce autophagy, which can lead to programmed cell death in cancer cells. One of the significant advantages of ivermectin as an anticancer drug is its safety profile. Furthermore, it is easily available and affordable, making it a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy for various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer. However, further research is needed to evaluate its clinical effectiveness in humans. Clinical trials are underway to investigate ivermectin's safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. In conclusion, the safety profile and low cost of ivermectin as an anticancer drug have turned it into a feasible alternative to conventional chemotherapy, which needs more investigation.

Introduction: Increasing the concentration of Boron in drinking water, wastewater, and irrigation have negative effects on the human environment. This pollution can be partially removed by the application of phytoremediation technologies using algae or aquatic plants. The aim of the current study was to determine the biosorption capacity of the algae Spirogyra sp. for Boron from industrial wastewater and examine the best elimination conditions using different parameters. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 g of fresh algal biomass was collected from the industrial wastewater of a copper mine located in Kerman, Iran. At first, algae was selected among various algal species concerning abundance and resistance ability to high concentrations of Boron. Then, removal of Boron by the algal was examined in terms of algae biomass levels (2 and 4 gr), incubation time intervals (2, 12. 24. 48, and 72 hours), and different concentrations of Boron (5, 10, 15, 25, and 100 ppm) on the were examined. The experiment was factorial with a completely randomized design framework and three replications. Results: The results presented that the elimination of Boron from industrial wastewater was performed by biomass of algae Spirogyra sp. The maximum Boron absorption was achieved at concentrations of 5 ppm and an incubation time of 12 hours. The absorption of Boron was higher in 4 gr than in 2 gr of algae biomass treatment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that algae Spirogyra sp. has a strong potential for boron removal in industrial wastewater containing boron ions.

Introduction: Biosurfactants or surface-active compounds with amphiphilic molecular structures, including a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic domain, are produced by microorganisms. These compounds increase the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the environment due to their ability to emulsify hydrocarbon-water mixtures. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize biosurfactant-producing bacteria from the samples of Gastropods. Materials and Methods: The gastropod samples were collected from oil-contaminated sites in the Persian Gulf, Middle East. Biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated from these samples. The biosurfactant production ability was analyzed using Drop Collapse TEST, oil spreading test, emulsification activity test, and BATH test. Results: In total, 11 biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated. Two isolates with higher growth rates and biosurfactant production ability were selected for further studies. The best isolates were identified as Halomonas sp. isolate BHA16 and Vibrio alginolyticus isolate BHA 17 based on molecular analysis. Gas chromatography analysis of remaining crude oil confirmed that these strains could degrade to 51.44 % and 67.58% of crude oil, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the surfactant activity of the bacterial strains isolated from Gastro pods had a good potential for the biodegradation of crude oil and could be used for the cleanup of oil-contaminated marine environments.