Hydatid cysts have been widely recognized for decades as a common medical problem that affects millions of people. A revolution in medical treatment may be on the prospect of nanotechnology enhancing chemotherapy against hydatid cysts. An overview of nanotechnology’s impact on chemotherapeutics is presented in the current review. It discusses some of the challenges as well as some of the opportunities. The application of nanotechnology to enhance chemotherapy against hydatid cysts is what this review will explore. Nanotechnology is a critical component of delivering therapeutic agents with greater precision and efficiency and targeting hydatid cysts with better efficacy, and minimizing interference with surrounding tissue. However, there are biodistribution challenges, toxicity, and resistance problems associated with nanotherapeutics. Additionally, nanobiosensors are being investigated to enable the early diagnosis of hydatid cysts. A nanobiosensor can detect hydatid cysts by catching them early, non-invasively, rapidly, and accurately. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests can be enhanced with nanobiosensors because they take advantage of the unique properties of nanomaterials. By providing more precise and customized treatment options for hydatid cysts, nanotechnology may improve therapeutic options and strategies for diagnosing the disease. In conclusion, treatment with nanotechnology to treat hydatid cysts is potentially effective but presents many obstacles. Furthermore, nanobiosensors are being integrated into diagnostic techniques, as well as helping to diagnose patients earlier and more accurately.

Cancer is a life-threatening disease that remains a global health problem, with millions of people diagnosed yearly. Despite significant progress in cancer treatment, conventional chemotherapy still faces several limitations, including poor solubility, low bioavailability, lack of selectivity, and severe side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are necessary to improve cancer therapy. This review aimed to provide an updated overview of phytosome complexes and their potential application in cancer therapy, including their formulation techniques, transportation mechanism through phytosome, and recent investigations on their efficacy in treating different types of cancers. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy, as it enables the delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site with higher selectivity and efficiency. Phytosomes are a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system conjugating plant extracts or phytoconstituents with phospholipids. This conjugation results in the formation of a complex with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Phytosomes have been shown to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of phytoactive compounds, allowing for better targeting and sustained release. Phytosomes of curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin have demonstrated anticancer properties in various in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, phytosomes have been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and camptothecin, with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Phytosome complexes offer a promising platform for cancer therapy due to their ability to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of phytoactive compounds. Incorporating phytosomes in cancer therapy could lead to the development of more effective and less toxic treatments for different types of cancers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of phytosomes and to optimize their formulation for clinical use.

Ivermectin is a well-known antiparasitic drug in the macrolide class with a 16-membered ring. It has been used for treating various parasitic diseases, including onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The present study aimed to review the mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications of Ivermectin as an anticancer agent. It has been used for over three decades, and its safety has been well-established in humans A growing body of evidence suggests that ivermectin has anticancer properties, making it an attractive candidate for treating various types of cancer. The reason is that ivermectin targets multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3 pathways, to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Inhibition of these pathways by ivermectin leads to suppression of cancer cell growth. Additionally, ivermectin has been shown to induce autophagy, which can lead to programmed cell death in cancer cells. One of the significant advantages of ivermectin as an anticancer drug is its safety profile. Furthermore, it is easily available and affordable, making it a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy for various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer. However, further research is needed to evaluate its clinical effectiveness in humans. Clinical trials are underway to investigate ivermectin's safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. In conclusion, the safety profile and low cost of ivermectin as an anticancer drug have turned it into a feasible alternative to conventional chemotherapy, which needs more investigation.

The nematode parasite infects both humans and animals, causing severe infections. Their unusual surface structures, in particular, pose significant challenges to the immune system. Vaccine-induced immunity, mediated by the innate immune system, could be crucial in the development of an adaptive effector response. The purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of recent research on the host's innate immune system, barriers, and cells that respond to parasitic nematodes. This study investigated the nematode-associated molecular patterns that may recognize by host. Given the innate defense is more than just a static barrier against pathogen infections. It can actively contribute as a director of the adaptive immune response, which is ultimately responsible for the rejection of invasions. The role of innate defense against pathogen infections is located in zone of researcher concentration. Some nematode parasites can actively move through tissues, they pose a challenge to the innate immune system. Furthermore, their cuticular surface, which varies with each molting, cannot be phagocytosed. The nematode's thin, carbohydrate-rich surface layer, as well as the chemicals produced by this layer, cause the first contact with the host's innate immune system. Notably, all components of the innate immune response can be activated and play an important role in the adaptive immune effector response.

Helminths have developed intricate mechanisms to survive and evade the host’s immune responses. Hence, understanding the excretory-secretory products (ESPs) by helminths is crucial for developing control tools, including drug targets, vaccines, and potential therapies for inflammatory and metabolic disorders caused by them. Proteomics, the large-scale analysis of proteins, offers a powerful approach to unravel the complex proteomes of helminths and gain insights into their biology. Proteomics, as a science that delves into the functions of proteins, has the potential to revolutionize clinical therapies against parasitic infections that have developed anthelminthic resistance. Proteomic technologies lay a framework for accompanying genomic, reverse genetics, and pharmacokinetic approaches to provide more profound or broader coverage of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the response to anthelmintics. With the development of vaccines against helminth infections, proteomics has brought a major change to parasitology. The proteome of helminths can be analyzed comprehensively, revealing the complex network of proteins that enable parasite survival and pathogenicity. Furthermore, it reveals how parasites interact with hosts’ immune systems. The current article reviews the latest advancements in helminth proteomics and highlights their valuable contributions to the search for anthelminthic vaccines.