This research delves into the intricate dynamics of travelers’ decision-making processes, particularly their response to the media’s portrayal of environmental risks and the subsequent redirection of their travel choices toward medical destinations (MD). Employing a sophisticated research approach combining path analysis with moderation and multilinear logistic regression models, this study investigates the nuanced factors underlying travelers’ resilience to environmental risks and their propensity to opt for medical destinations. The results of the path analysis reveal a complex network of direct influences of factors from the PPM model (push, pull, and mooring) on choosing a medical destination in the sense that, before moderation, the only significant direct effect on the intention to choose medical destination (MD) was the pull factors. Through moderation, a significant effect of all three factors was achieved, while the direction of influence was changed in the case of push and pull factors. Furthermore, the multinomial logistic regression showed that the respondents prefer to go to a medical destination rather than a rural or urban one after the media emphasis on environmental risks. By integrating these analytical approaches and models, this research advances our understanding of how travelers navigate their choices amid environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, this research sheds light on the pivotal role that these traveler choices play in shaping the sustainability of medical destinations, offering essential insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers navigating the evolving landscape of these destinations.

Https://doi.org/10.21860/j.9.2.1 Bioethics of the ethnos has meanings that reflect the history and culture of a particular people. At the same time, the ethnos in its existence realizes the general bioethical principles and norms that integrate into ethnic bioethics. The ratio of these modifications of bioethics can ensure the self-preserving behavior of the ethnos and help maintain the genetic diversity of mankind. The assessment and standards in modern bioethics cannot be exactly the same for all countries and peoples; they must match the ethnic age of this particular ethnic group. Thus, scientifically-invariant biomedical ethics always functionally acts as a cultural reflection of the national model of medicine. On the other hand, the normative bioethical regulation allows adapting the National standards of medicine as a cultural complex to international requirements. The article shows the options for the ethical support of various ethnic parameters in medicine. Key words: bioethics, ethnos, ethnic time, ethnic diseases, personalized medicine, ethnomedicine.

The subject of this research is the eth0culture of medical tourism. On December 17, 2020, during a large press conference, the Russian President Vladimir Putin emphasized the importance for the development of domestic tourism. There is much concern about the citizens’ health, which raises the question on the promotion of domestic and inbound medical tourism, which is many ways lags behind the outbound medical tourism. Attraction of foreign citizens to the healthcare centers in Russia is one of the priority tasks of the National Project “Healthcare”. In this regard, there are new approaches that are not yet implemented. It implies that medicine is a part of culture, thus cannot but be unaffected by traditions and national mentality. To a great extent, the development of positive attitudes towards medical treatment in Russia depends on ethnocultural adaptation of medical tourists. Moreover, there is a consistent group of patients oriented towards the services of ethnomedicine. There are virtually no research dedicated to ethnomedicine within the framework of sociological interest in Russian literature, which actualizes the projection of approaches presented in the foreign sources onto polyethnic diversity of Russia. The aforementioned arguments stress the need for scientific examination of the possibility of using ethnocultural factors in promotion of medical and healthcare tourism. In the categorical field of medical sciences it cannot be implemented due to the absence of the corresponding problematic and terminological apparatus. However, the sociology of culture allows studying the problem from medical, culturological, and ethnological perspective, since it possess the methodology of scientific synthesis of all listed areas of knowledge. The research of ethnocultural factors of medical domestic and inbound tourism, which suggests not only a geographical change, but a change of ethnic environment as well, defines the novelty of this work and actualizes the conclusions on the proposed measures with regards to utilization of ethnocultural component in this sphere.

The subject of the study is the main and background institutional factors of medical tourism. It is proved that the background factors are, among other things, a complex of ethno-cultural components, the inclusion of which in the practice of the phenomenon can significantly increase the attractiveness of the host territory. Special attention is paid to such a factor as the ethno-cultural preparation of a medical tourist to stay in a different environment in terms of social interaction. The importance of the proposed approach in all types and forms of medical tourism is emphasized: health/medical, inbound, outbound, domestic (taking into account the polyethnicity of our country). The conducted sociological measurements (focus group discussions, mass survey) showed that such work with patients is not carried out. Health and wellness practices include the interaction of two social groups – the patient and the medical staff. In the case of medical tourism, the second of the groups is differentiated into two subgroups – medical personnel and specialists of the tourism industry. It is established that there is no unified scheme for ensuring the process at the level of collegial interaction of these two subgroups at all. The novelty of the research consists in actualizing this contradiction and substantiating the expediency of ethno-cultural preparation of a medical tourist to stay in a different environment in terms of social interaction in the context of multiculturalism. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to create an expert formation at the regional level, which could ensure the complexity of the interaction of both subgroups on the basis of public-private partnership and achieve a more capacious inclusion of the ethnocultural potential of the territory in the medical product. This poses the task of additional training of tourist specialists specifically for medical tourism - to work with patients in the direction of familiarizing them with the ethnocultural features of the receiving locus and with variants of models of interaction between a doctor and a patient.