Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in a reduction in or the total cessation of airflow, despite ongoing respiratory efforts, leading to oxygen desaturation and arousal. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the most common characteristics of this pathology, as well as to investigate the most effective treatment options, providing an update on the management of OSA patients.

Background and Objectives: Dental anxiety can hinder both treatment delivery and dental education. Few studies have examined this issue among Romanian dental students. This study assessed the prevalence, intensity, and main procedural triggers of dental anxiety, with a focus on experiences related to local anesthesia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted (January–May 2024) among 122 fourth-year students using the validated Romanian version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and additional items on demographics, prior anesthesia and perceived complications. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t-tests. Results: Overall, 21.3% of respondents scored in the low anxiety range, 75.4% in the moderate range, and 3.3% in the severe range (MDAS ≥ 19). No significant gender differences were identified (p > 0.05). Injections with local anesthetic were rated as the most distressing procedure, followed by drilling, whereas scaling was reported as least stressful. The majority (86.9%) had undergone previous local anesthesia, with very few adverse events recalled. Conclusions: Romanian dental students reported moderate dental anxiety overall, with local anesthesia injections as the main trigger. The lack of gender differences points to a potential buffering effect of clinical exposure. Incorporating structured anxiety management into dental curricula may enhance both student well-being and patient care.

Background and Objectives: Anxiety in dental settings can hinder both treatment delivery and educational experiences. For students in training, fear of specific procedures, particularly local anesthesia, may persist despite progressive clinical exposure. Evidence on this issue among Romanian dental students is scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, intensity, and main procedural triggers of dental anxiety among Romanian dental students, with a specific focus on experiences related to local anesthesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2024 on 122 fourth-year students (79 females, 43 males) enrolled at the Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania. Participants completed the validated Romanian version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and answered additional items on demographic factors, prior exposure to local anesthesia, perceived complications, and procedures most likely to trigger anxiety. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t-tests. Results: Overall, 21.3% of respondents scored in the low anxiety range, 75.4% in the moderate range, and 3.3% in the severe range (MDAS ≥19). No significant gender differences were identified (p > 0.05). Injections with local anesthetic were rated as the most distressing procedure (mean 2.29 ± 1.02), followed by drilling, whereas scaling was reported as least stressful. The majority (86.9%) had undergone previous local anesthesia, with very few adverse events recalled. Conclusions: The findings show that Romanian dental students experience mostly moderate levels of anxiety, with local anesthesia injections remaining the dominant trigger. The lack of gender differences points to a potential buffering effect of clinical exposure. These results support the inclusion of structured anxiety management within dental education and provide context-specific data for comparison with international cohorts.

Background: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) represents a severe complication associated with bisphosphonate therapy commonly used in patients with osteoporosis and malignancies. Methods: This retrospective study evaluates the risk factors and clinical outcomes of BRONJ patients treated at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic in Iaşi, Romania, with the goal of optimizing preventive and therapeutic strategies. Data from 72 BRONJ patients treated between January 2013 and December 2023 were analyzed. Results: The majority (83.3%) of patients had underlying malignancies, predominantly breast and prostate cancers. The mandible was most affected, with tooth extraction identified as the primary triggering event. Systemic comorbidities, notably arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and concurrent chemotherapy, were significantly associated with increased BRONJ severity. Surgical intervention was frequently required, with sequestrectomy being the predominant procedure, reflecting advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: The findings underline the critical importance of early identification, preventive dental management, and a collaborative multidisciplinary approach to improve patient prognosis.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) represents a severe complication associated with bisphosphonate therapy commonly used in patients with osteoporosis and malignancies. This retrospective study evaluates the risk factors and clinical outcomes of BRONJ patients treated at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic in Iaşi, Romania, with the goal of optimizing preventive and therapeutic strategies. Data from 72 BRONJ patients treated between January 2013 and December 2023 were analyzed. The majority (83.3%) of patients had underlying malignancies, predominantly breast and prostate cancers. The mandible was most affected, with tooth extraction identified as the primary triggering event. Systemic comorbidities, notably arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and concurrent chemotherapy, were significantly associated with increased BRONJ severity. Surgical intervention was frequently required, with sequestrectomy being the predominant procedure, reflecting advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. The findings underline the critical importance of early identification, preventive dental management, and a collaborative multidisciplinary approach to improve patient prognosis.

Background: Mouth breathing significantly impacts orofacial development and orthodontic outcomes, contributing to malocclusion, narrow palates, and altered facial growth. This systematic review explores its causes, effects, and treatment strategies in orthodontics.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and PMC databases for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Keywords included "mouth breathing and orthodontics" and "impact of mouth breathing on malocclusion." Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining skeletal and oral development, orthodontic interventions for mouth breathers, and clinical trials. Data extraction captured sample size, study design, and outcomes.Results: Chronic mouth breathing, caused by nasal obstruction, adenoid hypertrophy, craniofacial anomalies, and habitual behaviors, leads to malocclusion, open bites, and long face syndrome. Myofunctional therapy, palatal expansion, and orthodontic appliances effectively address these issues, while surgical interventions like adenotonsillectomy treat underlying causes. Early intervention is critical to mitigate long-term dental and facial consequences.Conclusion: Mouth breathing profoundly affects oral and facial development, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment combining orthodontic care, therapy, and surgical correction. Further research is necessary to refine treatment strategies and improve outcomes for mouth-breathing patients.