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Polymer composites have been widely used as damping materials in various applications due to the ability of reducing the vibrations. However, the environmental and surrounding thermal exposure towards polymer composites have affected their mechanical properties and lifecycle. Therefore, this paper presents the effect of material-temperature dependence on the loss factor and phase shift angle characteristics. Two types of unageing and aging silicone-rubber-based magnetorheological elastomer (SR-MRE) with different concentrations of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), 30 and 60 wt%, are utilized in this study. The morphological, magnetic, and rheological properties related to the loss factor and phase shift angle are characterized using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer and rheometer, respectively. The morphological analysis of SR-MRE consisting of 30 wt% CIPs revealed a smoother surface area when compared to 60 wt% CIPs after thermal aging due to the improvement of CIPs dispersion in the presence of heat. Nevertheless, the rheological analysis demonstrated inimitable rheological properties due to different in-rubber structures, shear deformation condition, as well as the influence of magnetic field. No significant changes of loss factor occurred at a low CIPs concentration, whilst the loss factor increased at a higher CIPs concentration. On that basis, it has been determined that the proposed changes of the polymer chain network due to the long-term temperature exposure of different concentrations of CIPs might explain the unique rheological properties of the unaged and aged SR-MRE.
Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Norzilawati Mohamad; Michal Sedlacik; Nur Azmah Nordin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. Loss Factor Behavior of Thermally Aged Magnetorheological Elastomers. Materials 2021, 14, 4874 .
AMA StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah, Norzilawati Mohamad, Michal Sedlacik, Nur Azmah Nordin, Nurhazimah Nazmi. Loss Factor Behavior of Thermally Aged Magnetorheological Elastomers. Materials. 2021; 14 (17):4874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Norzilawati Mohamad; Michal Sedlacik; Nur Azmah Nordin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. 2021. "Loss Factor Behavior of Thermally Aged Magnetorheological Elastomers." Materials 14, no. 17: 4874.
This paper presents the effect of the micro-sized particles on the storage modulus and durability characteristics of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). The initial phase of the investigation is to determine any associations among the microparticles’ weight percent fraction (wt%), structure arrangement, and the storage modulus of MRE samples. In order to carry out this, both isotropic and anisotropic types of MRE samples consisting of the silicone rubber matrix and 50, 60, 70, 75, and 80 wt% microparticles of carbonyl iron fractions are prepared. It is identified from the magneto-rheometer that the increase in storage modulus and decrease in linear viscoelastic region limit are observed in varying consistency depending on wt% and particle arrangement. The consistency of this dependency feature is highlighted by superimposing all of the graphs plotted to create the proposed the samples’ behavior model. In response to increasing magnetic stimulation, a sample of 70 wt% microparticles with an isotropic arrangement is found to be significant and stable. The experimentally defined fraction is then used for the durability test as the second phase of the investigation. During this phase, the durability evaluation is subjected to stress relaxation for an extended period of time. After undergoing durability testing, storage modulus performance is decreased by 0.7–13% at various magnetic stimulation levels. This result directly indicates that the storage modulus characteristics of different forms of MRE are sensitive to the different iron particle fractions’ and microparticles’ alignment. Therefore, important treatments to alter the storage modulus can be undertaken before the practical implementation to accommodate any desired performance of MRE itself and MRE application systems.
Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; U Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Norhasnidawani Johari; Seung-Bok Choi. The Effect of Microparticles on the Storage Modulus and Durability Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomer. Micromachines 2021, 12, 948 .
AMA StyleMohd Aidy Faizal Johari, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, U Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Norhasnidawani Johari, Seung-Bok Choi. The Effect of Microparticles on the Storage Modulus and Durability Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomer. Micromachines. 2021; 12 (8):948.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Aidy Faizal Johari; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; U Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Norhasnidawani Johari; Seung-Bok Choi. 2021. "The Effect of Microparticles on the Storage Modulus and Durability Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomer." Micromachines 12, no. 8: 948.
Micro mechanism consideration is critical for gaining a thorough understanding of amorphous shear band behavior in magnetorheological (MR) solids, particularly those with viscoelastic matrices. Heretofore, the characteristics of shear bands in terms of formation, physical evolution, and response to stress distribution at the localized region have gone largely unnoticed and unexplored. Notwithstanding these limitations, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to explore the nature of shear band deformation in MR materials during stress relaxation. Stress relaxation at a constant low strain of 0.01% and an oscillatory shear of defined test duration played a major role in the creation of the shear band. In this analysis, the localized area of the study defined shear bands as varying in size and dominantly deformed in the matrix with no evidence of inhibition by embedded carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The association between the shear band and the adjacent zone was further studied using in-phase imaging of AFM tapping mode and demonstrated the presence of localized affected zone around the shear band. Taken together, the results provide important insights into the proposed shear band deformation zone (SBDZ). This study sheds a contemporary light on the contentious issue of amorphous shear band deformation behavior and makes several contributions to the current literature.
Mohd Johari; Asmawan Sarman; Saiful Mazlan; Ubaidillah U; Nur Nordin; Siti Abdul Aziz; Norhasnidawani Johari; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Shahir Mohd Yusuf. An Insight into Amorphous Shear Band in Magnetorheological Solid by Atomic Force Microscope. Materials 2021, 14, 4384 .
AMA StyleMohd Johari, Asmawan Sarman, Saiful Mazlan, Ubaidillah U, Nur Nordin, Siti Abdul Aziz, Norhasnidawani Johari, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Shahir Mohd Yusuf. An Insight into Amorphous Shear Band in Magnetorheological Solid by Atomic Force Microscope. Materials. 2021; 14 (16):4384.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Johari; Asmawan Sarman; Saiful Mazlan; Ubaidillah U; Nur Nordin; Siti Abdul Aziz; Norhasnidawani Johari; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Shahir Mohd Yusuf. 2021. "An Insight into Amorphous Shear Band in Magnetorheological Solid by Atomic Force Microscope." Materials 14, no. 16: 4384.
This study investigated the effect of adding strontium (Sr)-doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles in carbonyl iron particle (CIP)-based magnetorheological fluids (MRFs). Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were fabricated at different particle sizes using co-precipitation at calcination temperatures of 300 and 400 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of the Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, which were found to be spherical. The average grain sizes were 71–91 nm and 118–157 nm for nanoparticles that had been calcinated at 300 and 400 °C, respectively. As such, higher calcination temperatures were found to produce larger-sized Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. To investigate the rheological effects that Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have on CIP-based MRF, three MRF samples were prepared: (1) CIP-based MRF without nanoparticle additives (CIP-based MRF), (2) CIP-based MRF with Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles calcinated at 300 °C (MRF CIP+Sr-CoFe2O4-T300), and (3) CIP-based MRF with Sr-CoFe2O4 nanoparticles calcinated at 400 °C (MRF CIP+Sr-CoFe2O4-T400). The rheological properties of these MRF samples were then observed at room temperature using a rheometer with a parallel plate at a gap of 1 mm. Dispersion stability tests were also performed to determine the sedimentation ratio of the three CIP-based MRF samples.
Kacuk Nugroho; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Retna Arilasita; Margono Margono; Bambang Priyambodo; Budi Purnama; Saiful Mazlan; Seung-Bok Choi. The Effect of Sr-CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with Different Particles Sized as Additives in CIP-Based Magnetorheological Fluid. Materials 2021, 14, 3684 .
AMA StyleKacuk Nugroho, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah, Retna Arilasita, Margono Margono, Bambang Priyambodo, Budi Purnama, Saiful Mazlan, Seung-Bok Choi. The Effect of Sr-CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with Different Particles Sized as Additives in CIP-Based Magnetorheological Fluid. Materials. 2021; 14 (13):3684.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKacuk Nugroho; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Retna Arilasita; Margono Margono; Bambang Priyambodo; Budi Purnama; Saiful Mazlan; Seung-Bok Choi. 2021. "The Effect of Sr-CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with Different Particles Sized as Additives in CIP-Based Magnetorheological Fluid." Materials 14, no. 13: 3684.
Sabah is prone to seismic activities due to its location, being geographically located near the boundaries of three major active tectonic plates; the Eurasian, India-Australia, and Philippine-Pacific plates. The 6.0 Mw earthquake that occurred in Ranau, Sabah, on 15 June 2015 which caused 18 casualties, all of them climbers of Mount Kinabalu, raised many issues, primarily the requirements for seismic vulnerability assessment for this region. This study employed frequency ratio (FR)–index of entropy (IoE) and a combination of (FR-IoE) with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to map seismic vulnerability for Ranau, Sabah. The results showed that the success rate and prediction rate for the areas under the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 0.853; 0.856 for the FR-IoE model and 0.863; 0.906 for (FR-IoE) AHP, respectively, with the highest performance achieved using the (FR-IoE) AHP model. The vulnerability maps produced were classified into five classes; very low, low, moderate, high, and very high seismic vulnerability. Seismic activities density ratio analysis performed on the final seismic vulnerability maps showed that high seismic activity density ratios were observed for high vulnerability zones with the values of 9.119 and 8.687 for FR-IoE and (FR-IoE) AHP models, respectively.
Janatul Binti Abd Razak; Shuib bin Rambat; Faizah Binti Che Ros; Zhongchao Shi; Saiful bin Mazlan. Seismic Vulnerability Assessment in Ranau, Sabah, Using Two Different Models. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2021, 10, 271 .
AMA StyleJanatul Binti Abd Razak, Shuib bin Rambat, Faizah Binti Che Ros, Zhongchao Shi, Saiful bin Mazlan. Seismic Vulnerability Assessment in Ranau, Sabah, Using Two Different Models. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10 (5):271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanatul Binti Abd Razak; Shuib bin Rambat; Faizah Binti Che Ros; Zhongchao Shi; Saiful bin Mazlan. 2021. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment in Ranau, Sabah, Using Two Different Models." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5: 271.
During the last two decades, in-depth investigation on smart magnetic polymer foam or known as magnetorheological (MR) foam has captured researcher’s attention and motivated them to develop a wide spectrum of technology and the vast development of this said polymeric foam material in several potential fields such as in engineering and materials technology. MR foam can be identified as one of the MR materials, consisting of magnetic particles and porous absorbent matrix with the rheological properties that can be regulated continuously, rapidly, and reversibly using an external magnetic field. In particular, it is crucial to highlight the types of MR foam fabrication methods as it will be a significant parameter that would affect the designed and the final properties of MR foams. In other words, the main classifications and properties of MR foam are strongly dependent on the types of the fabrication method that were used such as ex situ and in situ. MR fluid foam, MR elastomer foam, MR plastomer foam, and in situ MR foam are the varieties of MR foam, which can be categorized accordingly based on the different types of the fabrication methods. Besides, the components of MR foam, such as the magnetic particles and absorbent foam matrix, are entirely evaluated to provide the researchers with a clear guidance on the selection and the use of suitable main components for the developments of MR foam. In this overview, the main intensive focuses on the fabrications of MR foam, classifications and potential applications have also been revised to enhance the real-world practicality of this material.
Noor Sahirah Muhazeli; Nur Azmah Nordin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Ubaidillah; Nurhazimah Nazmi. Mini review: an insight on the fabrication methods of smart magnetic polymer foam. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2021, 534, 168038 .
AMA StyleNoor Sahirah Muhazeli, Nur Azmah Nordin, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Ubaidillah, Nurhazimah Nazmi. Mini review: an insight on the fabrication methods of smart magnetic polymer foam. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2021; 534 ():168038.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoor Sahirah Muhazeli; Nur Azmah Nordin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Ubaidillah; Nurhazimah Nazmi. 2021. "Mini review: an insight on the fabrication methods of smart magnetic polymer foam." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 534, no. : 168038.
In this work, carbonyl iron particles (CIP) was grafted with polystyrene coating on its surface via polymerization method, and the coated‐CIPs were then embedded into a silicone rubber with the ratio of 70:30 of CIP to silicone rubber in order to enhance the rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) in terms of lower initial storage modulus and higher MR effect. By using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) that is equipped with the energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis, it was observed that elements of C, N, O, Si, Fe, Br, Cu, and Sn were detected, confirming that the coating layer has been successfully developed on the CIP. Additionally, the investigation of the rheological characteristics was conducted at 25°C with three different sweep conditions using rheometer MCR 302. Firstly the strain amplitude was swept from 0.001% to 10% strain with 1 Hz frequency. Then, the frequency was varied from 1 Hz to 100 Hz under 0.01% strain at an applied current of 0–5 A. Lastly, the current was swept from 0 to 5 A under 0.01% strain amplitude and 1 Hz excitation frequency. It was discovered that the storage modulus of the polystyrene‐coated CIP MRE is lower than that of uncoated‐CIP MRE in all three sweep profiles. Advantageously, the magnetorheological (MR) effect of the coated‐CIP MRE sample is higher than that of the uncoated‐CIP MRE by 28.04%. Moreover, it was found that the coated‐CIP MRE exhibited higher damping behavior with more than 0.14 loss factor than 0.12 loss factor of the uncoated sample. The dimensional stability of polystyrene coating on the CIP was an attributing factor to this enhanced damping behavior of the coated‐CIP MRE. Thus, it became clear that the polystyrene‐coated CIP embedment in MRE is more desirable than that of MRE with uncoated CIP.
Siti Khumaira Mohd Jamari; Nur Azmah Nordin; U. Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nurhazimah Nazmi. Enhancement of the rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer via polystyrene‐grafted carbonyl iron particles. Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 138, 50860 .
AMA StyleSiti Khumaira Mohd Jamari, Nur Azmah Nordin, U. Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nurhazimah Nazmi. Enhancement of the rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer via polystyrene‐grafted carbonyl iron particles. Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 138 (34):50860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Khumaira Mohd Jamari; Nur Azmah Nordin; U. Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nurhazimah Nazmi. 2021. "Enhancement of the rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer via polystyrene‐grafted carbonyl iron particles." Journal of Polymer Science 138, no. 34: 50860.
Magnetoactive (MA) foam, with its tunable mechanical properties and magnetostriction, has the potential to be used for the development of soft sensor technology. However, researchers have found that its mechanical properties and magnetostriction are morphologically dependent, thereby limiting its capabilities for dexterous manipulation. Thus, in this work, MA foam was developed with additional capabilities for controlling its magnetostriction, normal force, storage modulus, shear stress and torque by manipulating the concentration of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) and the magnetic field with regard to morphological changes. MA foams were prepared with three weight percentages of CIPs, namely, 35 wt.%, 55 wt.% and 75 wt.%, and three different modes, namely, zero shear, constant shear and various shears. The results showed that the MA foam with 75 wt.% of CIPs enhanced the normal force sensitivity and positive magnetostriction sensitivity by up to 97% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivities of the storage modulus, torque and shear stress were 8.97 Pa/mT, 0.021 µN/mT, and 0.0096 Pa/mT, respectively. Meanwhile, the magnetic dipolar interaction between the CIPs was capable of changing the property of MA foam from a positive to a negative magnetostriction under various shear strains with a low loss of energy. Therefore, it is believed that this kind of highly sensitive MA foam can potentially be implemented in future soft sensor systems.
Rizuan Norhaniza; Saiful Mazlan; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Michal Sedlacik; Siti Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Koji Homma; Shuib Rambat. Sensitivities of Rheological Properties of Magnetoactive Foam for Soft Sensor Technology. Sensors 2021, 21, 1660 .
AMA StyleRizuan Norhaniza, Saiful Mazlan, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah, Michal Sedlacik, Siti Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Koji Homma, Shuib Rambat. Sensitivities of Rheological Properties of Magnetoactive Foam for Soft Sensor Technology. Sensors. 2021; 21 (5):1660.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizuan Norhaniza; Saiful Mazlan; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Michal Sedlacik; Siti Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Koji Homma; Shuib Rambat. 2021. "Sensitivities of Rheological Properties of Magnetoactive Foam for Soft Sensor Technology." Sensors 21, no. 5: 1660.
The highly pulsated flow output of an engine causes a nonlinear dynamic behavior of a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT). A method, namely active control turbocharger with a passive actuator, was previously developed to recover more energy than the steady-state-based conventional methods. An accurate transient model is required to optimize and improve the control system performance. This paper focuses on the formulation of the unified control-oriented model of the VGT turbine and passive actuator. The bond graph framework is utilized to build a unified system consisting of three principal parts, which are the VGT turbine, the intake air path, and the passive actuator. The simulation results were then benchmarked with the experimental data by varying two tune-able parameters of the actuator. The model has shown agreeable results showing a similar pattern while being changed from one to another condition with the errors of less than 6.5% of cycle-averaged power for PCT cases. In summary, the model has shown its capability to replicate the VGT system behavior with the passive actuator and its possibility to be applied in the optimization process of the system performance.
Irfan Bahiuddin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Fitrian Imaduddin; Nobuhiko Yamasaki; Ubaidillah. A Transient Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger Turbine Using a Passive Actuator. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2021, 46, 2565 -2577.
AMA StyleIrfan Bahiuddin, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Fitrian Imaduddin, Nobuhiko Yamasaki, Ubaidillah. A Transient Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger Turbine Using a Passive Actuator. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2021; 46 (3):2565-2577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrfan Bahiuddin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Fitrian Imaduddin; Nobuhiko Yamasaki; Ubaidillah. 2021. "A Transient Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger Turbine Using a Passive Actuator." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 46, no. 3: 2565-2577.
Conventional polyurethane foam has non-tunable sound absorption properties. Here, a magneto-induced foam, called magnetorheological (MR) foam, was fabricated with the feature of being able to tune sound absorption properties, primarily from the middle- to higher-frequency ranges. Three different samples of MR foams were fabricated in situ by varying the concentration of Carbonyl Iron Particles (CIPs) (0, 35, and 75 wt.%). The magnetization properties and tunable sound absorption characteristics were evaluated. From the magnetic saturation properties, the results showed very narrow and small coercivity of hysteresis loops relative to the soft magnetic properties of the CIPs. MR foam with 75 wt.% CIPs showed a higher magnetic saturation at 91.350 emu/g compared to MR foam with 35 wt.% CIPs at 63.896 emu/g. For tunable sound absorption testing, the effect of ‘shifting’ to higher frequency was also observed when the magnetic field was applied, which was ~10 Hz for MR foam with 35 wt.% CIPs and ~130 Hz for MR foam with 75 wt.% CIPs. As the latest evolution of semi-active noise control materials, the results from this study are valuable guidance for the advancement of MR-based devices.
Noor Sahirah Muhazeli; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaid Ubaidillah; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Iwan Yahya. Magnetic and Tunable Sound Absorption Properties of an In-Situ Prepared Magnetorheological Foam. Materials 2020, 13, 5637 .
AMA StyleNoor Sahirah Muhazeli, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaid Ubaidillah, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Iwan Yahya. Magnetic and Tunable Sound Absorption Properties of an In-Situ Prepared Magnetorheological Foam. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5637.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoor Sahirah Muhazeli; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaid Ubaidillah; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Iwan Yahya. 2020. "Magnetic and Tunable Sound Absorption Properties of an In-Situ Prepared Magnetorheological Foam." Materials 13, no. 24: 5637.
Engineering rubber composites have been widely used as main components in many fields including vehicle engineering and biomedical applications. However, when a rubber composite surface area is exposed to heat or sunlight and over a long-term accelerated exposure and lifecycle of test, the rubber becomes hard, thus influencing the mechanical and rheological behavior of the materials. Therefore, in this study, the deterioration of rheological characteristics particularly the phase shift angle (δ) of silicone rubber (SR) based magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is investigated under the effect of thermal aging. SR-MRE with 60 wt% of CIPs is fabricated and subjected to a continuous temperature of 100 °C for 72 h. The characterization of SR-MRE before and after thermal aging related to hardness, micrograph, and rheological properties are characterized using low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM) and a rheometer, respectively. The results demonstrated that the morphological analysis has a rough surface and more voids occurred after the thermal aging. The hardness and the weight of the SR-MRE before and after thermal aging were slightly different. Nonetheless, the thermo-rheological results showed that the stress–strain behavior have changed the phase-shift angle (δ) of SR-MRE particularly at a high strain. Moreover, the complex mechanism of SR-MRE before and after thermal aging can be observed through the changes of the ‘in-rubber structure’ under rheological properties. Finally, the relationship between the phase-shift angle (δ) and the in-rubber structure due to thermal aging are discussed thoroughly which led to a better understanding of the thermo-rheological behavior of SR-MRE.
Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U Ubaidillah; Norzilawati Mohamad; Seung-Bok Choi; Mohamad Amirul Che Aziz; Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari; Koji Homma. Thermal Aging Rheological Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Silicone Rubber. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 9007 .
AMA StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, U Ubaidillah, Norzilawati Mohamad, Seung-Bok Choi, Mohamad Amirul Che Aziz, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, Koji Homma. Thermal Aging Rheological Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Silicone Rubber. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (23):9007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U Ubaidillah; Norzilawati Mohamad; Seung-Bok Choi; Mohamad Amirul Che Aziz; Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari; Koji Homma. 2020. "Thermal Aging Rheological Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Silicone Rubber." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23: 9007.
Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to graft the coating layer on the surface of the magnetic particles, such as atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), chemical oxidative polymerization, and dispersion polymerization. This paper investigates the role of particle coating in MR materials with the effects gained from grafting the magnetic particles. This paper also discusses the coating methods employed in some of the works that have been established by researchers in the particle coating of MR materials.
Siti Khumaira Mohd Jamari; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Saiful Amri Mazlan. Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials. Materials 2020, 13, 5317 .
AMA StyleSiti Khumaira Mohd Jamari, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Saiful Amri Mazlan. Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials. Materials. 2020; 13 (23):5317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Khumaira Mohd Jamari; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Saiful Amri Mazlan. 2020. "Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials." Materials 13, no. 23: 5317.
The freezing–thawing method has been commonly used in the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel magnetorheological plastomer (PVA HMRP). However, this method is complex and time consuming as it requires high energy consumption and precise temperature control. In this study, PVA HMRP was prepared using a chemically crosslinked method, where borax is used as crosslinking agent capable of changing the rheological properties of the material. Three samples of PVA HMRP with various contents of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) (50, 60, and 70 wt.%) were used to investigate their rheological properties in both steady shear and dynamic oscillation modes. Results showed the occurrence of shear thickening behaviour at low shear rate (γ > 1 s−1), where the viscosity increased with the increased of shear rate. Moreover, the storage modulus of the samples also increased increasing the oscillation frequency from 0.1 to 100 Hz. Interestingly, the samples with 50, 60 70 wt.% of CIPs produced large relative magnetorheological (MR) effects at 4916%, 6165%, and 10,794%, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of borax to the PVA HMRP can offer solutions for a wide range of applications, especially in artificial muscle, soft actuators, and biomedical sensors.
Norhiwani Mohd Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U. Ubaidillah; Koji Homma; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nur Azmah Nordin; Irfan Bahiuddin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. The Rheological Studies on Poly(vinyl) Alcohol-Based Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer. Polymers 2020, 12, 2332 .
AMA StyleNorhiwani Mohd Hapipi, Saiful Amri Mazlan, U. Ubaidillah, Koji Homma, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nur Azmah Nordin, Irfan Bahiuddin, Nurhazimah Nazmi. The Rheological Studies on Poly(vinyl) Alcohol-Based Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2332.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorhiwani Mohd Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U. Ubaidillah; Koji Homma; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nur Azmah Nordin; Irfan Bahiuddin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. 2020. "The Rheological Studies on Poly(vinyl) Alcohol-Based Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2332.
Magnetostrictive materials are usually used in sensor technology since they are sensitive to magnetization and strain. Unfortunately, to date, only a few magnetostrictive materials are being used, as the need for a strong magnetic field (1 Tesla) and not sensitive at a low magnetic field. Thus, in this study, a new magneto-active (MA) polyurethane foam was fabricated to obtain a strain at a low magnetic field corresponding to below 1 Tesla. The in-situ fabrication of the MA foam was carried out with various compositions of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), particularly at 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 wt.%. An analysis of the magnetic properties revealed that all the MA foams showed high magnetic saturation with low remanence values. Furthermore, the MA foam of 75 wt.% showed the highest magnetostrictive strain of 1.66 % at 0.45 T. The sensitivity of the MA foam is 0.0146 %/mT with 42 % of improvement. Analyses show MA foam of 75 wt.% had a low density, biggest pores and long struts that might have led to high flexibility for elongation to produce a high strain percentage within the practical magnetic field range. Hence, this MA foam can be further utilized for sensor applications.
Rizuan Norhaniza; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Nurul Azhani Yunus. Enhancement of sensitivity of magnetostrictive foam in low magnetic fields for sensor applications. Polymer 2020, 211, 123083 .
AMA StyleRizuan Norhaniza, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Nurul Azhani Yunus. Enhancement of sensitivity of magnetostrictive foam in low magnetic fields for sensor applications. Polymer. 2020; 211 ():123083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizuan Norhaniza; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Nurhazimah Nazmi; Nurul Azhani Yunus. 2020. "Enhancement of sensitivity of magnetostrictive foam in low magnetic fields for sensor applications." Polymer 211, no. : 123083.
This article focused on the influence of additional silicone oil as an plasticizer additive in a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) upon its rheological properties. Here, a silicone rubber is used as a base material of the MRE with CIPs act as the filler. Silicone oil (SO) as a plasticizer is added to the base ingredients to improve the viscosity and dispersion of magnetic particles and enhance the MRE properties. Various tests comprised of magnetic, morphology, and rheology tests were conducted for MRE characterization purpose. The results showed that the addition of SO on the MRE had increased 19% of magnetic properties compared to non-SO based MRE. Dispersion of magnetic particles is improved by the addition of SO as observed through Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope (LVSEM). In rheology test, both absolute and relative MR effects were increased by 0.3 MPa and 343%, respectively, with the incorporation of 15 wt% SO. The introduction of SO has proven to resolve the agglomeration issues in isotropic MRE which degrade performances of MRE application devices and systems.
M. H. A. Khairi; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; N. M. Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaidillah; N. I. N. Ismail. Enhancement of Isotropic Magnetorheological Elastomer Properties by Silicone Oil. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) 2020, 285 -292.
AMA StyleM. H. A. Khairi, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, N. M. Hapipi, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaidillah, N. I. N. Ismail. Enhancement of Isotropic Magnetorheological Elastomer Properties by Silicone Oil. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020). 2020; ():285-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. H. A. Khairi; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; N. M. Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Ubaidillah; N. I. N. Ismail. 2020. "Enhancement of Isotropic Magnetorheological Elastomer Properties by Silicone Oil." Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) , no. : 285-292.
Additive has been used widely in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) fabrication in order to enhance the magnetic, electrical and rheological properties. In this study, the ferrite nanoparticles namely Magnesium (Mg) substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite is introduced as an additive in order to enhance the magnetic and rheological properties of MRE. The conventional co-precipitation method is used to synthesize the Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles. The 1 wt% of spherical Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles with a range size of 50 nm are then sonicated using ultrasonication before mixing with 70 wt% carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) and silicon-rubber (SR) as a matrix. Two prepared samples of MRE with and without Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles are characterized using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Meanwhile, the rheological properties related to the frequency and magnetorheological (MR) effect in off- and on-state condition are determined by using rotational rheometer. The result depicted that the magnetic saturation of MRE with Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles increased by 2%. Meanwhile, the maximum storage modulus of MRE with Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles enhanced up to 13% as compared to conventional MRE. In the case of energy dissipation, the MRE + S1, exhibit higher energy dissipation as compared to conventional MRE. In the meantime, the relative MR effect of MRE with 1 wt% Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles can reach up to 215%, as compared to conventional MRE. The enhancement of magnetic and rheological properties of MRE with Mg substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles suggest that the nanoparticles additive fill the void and improved the interaction between CIPs resulted in increment of storage modulus.
Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Mohd Syafiq Abdull Aziz; Muhammad Kashfi Shabdin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Rizuan Mohd Rosnan. Rheological Properties of Mg Substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles as an Additive in Magnetorheological Elastomer. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) 2020, 153 -162.
AMA StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Mohd Syafiq Abdull Aziz, Muhammad Kashfi Shabdin, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, Hafizal Yahaya, Rizuan Mohd Rosnan. Rheological Properties of Mg Substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles as an Additive in Magnetorheological Elastomer. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020). 2020; ():153-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Mohd Syafiq Abdull Aziz; Muhammad Kashfi Shabdin; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Rizuan Mohd Rosnan. 2020. "Rheological Properties of Mg Substituted Cobalt Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles as an Additive in Magnetorheological Elastomer." Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) , no. : 153-162.
Carbonyl iron particles (CIP) have been widely used as magnetic particles in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) fabrication. This kind of magnetic particle exhibits high magnetic saturation however low conductivity. Therefore, in this study, cobalt particle has been introduced as filler in MRE fabrication. It is well known that cobalt offered dual properties which are magnetic and electrical properties. The properties offered by the cobalt are believed to enhance the magnetic and rheological properties of the isotropic MRE. Therefore, the isotropic MRE was fabricated using silicone rubber (SR) as the matrix element interspersed with 53 wt% of cobalt powder. The effect of magnetic was experimentally investigated in this study using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Meanwhile, the rheological properties related to the frequency and current sweep were examined using rheometer Anton Paar in the absence and presence of the magnetic field. Moreover, the magnetic properties of MRE with cobalt exhibit higher magnetic saturation up to 78.74 emu/g as compared to conventional MRE. In the meantime, the storage modulus of MRE with cobalt depicted an enhancement of field-dependent modulus at all magnetic field applied. Considering that the introduced cobalt as a filler and the obtained results are satisfactory, the introduced study might open new avenues for the cobalt to be used as filler in the MRE fabrication.
Afiq Azri Zainudin; Kamal Hafiz Khalid; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomer Using Cobalt Powder as Filler. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) 2020, 119 -127.
AMA StyleAfiq Azri Zainudin, Kamal Hafiz Khalid, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nur Azmah Nordin, Hafizal Yahaya, Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomer Using Cobalt Powder as Filler. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020). 2020; ():119-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfiq Azri Zainudin; Kamal Hafiz Khalid; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. 2020. "Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomer Using Cobalt Powder as Filler." Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) , no. : 119-127.
In this study, the principal rheological properties of the magnetorheological grease (MRG) is experimentally investigated with various types and percentages of dilution oils. The stability in terms of oil separation and rheological properties of the natural plant-based dilution oil; castor oil was compared with petroleum-based; kerosene and hydraulic oils. Several samples of MRGs with different types and ratios of dilution oils were prepared by mixing spherical carbonyl iron (CI) particles and grease using mechanical stirrer. The rheological test was performed under rotational mode of shear rheometer by changing the magnetic fields from 0 to 0.7 T at room temperature condition. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of the dilution oils of kerosene has the lowest apparent viscosity followed by castor and hydraulic oils. It has been observed that by addition of dilution oils more than 10 wt% has reduced the stability of the samples. It is also noted that the increment of dilution oils percentages in MRGs have insignificant effect towards linear viscoelastic (LVE) region. This fact indicated that the improvement of the rheological properties was dependent on the initial viscosity as well as optimum percentage of the dilution oils utilized in the MRG suspension without visibility of the oil separation. In addition, the comparison of the MRG performance in terms of yield stress between different types and percentages of dilution oils was evaluated and discussed in detail.
N. Mohamad; M. A. Rosli; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. Intrinsic Apparent Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Grease with Dilution Oils. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) 2020, 171 -180.
AMA StyleN. Mohamad, M. A. Rosli, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Ubaidillah, Nur Azmah Nordin, Hafizal Yahaya, Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. Intrinsic Apparent Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Grease with Dilution Oils. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020). 2020; ():171-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Mohamad; M. A. Rosli; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Ubaidillah; Nur Azmah Nordin; Hafizal Yahaya; Abdul Yasser Abd Fatah. 2020. "Intrinsic Apparent Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Grease with Dilution Oils." Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020) , no. : 171-180.
This work presents a new concentric design structure of a bypass magnetorheological (MR) damper with a serpentine flux valve type. In this design, the serpentine valve is installed not in the middle of the piston but on the bypass channel of the damper. However, to make it less bulky, the location of the valve installation is chosen to be in line with the cylinder axis, which is different from the common configuration of the bypass damper. With the proposed design concept, the performance flexibility of the bypass configuration and the compactness of the piston valve configuration can be accomplished. In this study, these benefits were demonstrated by firstly deriving an analytical model of the proposed MR damper focusing on the bypass concentric valve structure, which is vital in determining the damping force characteristics. The prototype of MR damper was also fabricated and characterized using the dynamic test machine. The simulation results show that the damping force could be adjusted from 20 N in the off-state to around 600 N in the on-state with 0.3 A of excitation current. In the experiments, during low piston velocity measurement, the on-state results from the simulation were generally in good agreement with the experimental results. However, with the increase in piston velocity, the deviation between the simulation and the experiment gets higher. The deviations are most probably due to seal frictions that were not accounted for in the model. The seal friction is probably dominant as the seals in the prototype need to be prepared for handling higher fluid pressure. As a result, the frictions are quite prevalent and significantly affect the measured off-state damping forces as well, where it was recorded ten times higher than the predicted values from the model. Nevertheless, although there were deviations, the dynamic range of the concentric bypass structure is still 1.5 times higher than the conventional structure and the new structure can be potentially explored more to achieve an improved MR damper design.
Muhammad Hafiz Idris; Fitrian Imaduddin; Ubaidillah; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Seung-Bok Choi. A Concentric Design of a Bypass Magnetorheological Fluid Damper with a Serpentine Flux Valve. Actuators 2020, 9, 16 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hafiz Idris, Fitrian Imaduddin, Ubaidillah, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Seung-Bok Choi. A Concentric Design of a Bypass Magnetorheological Fluid Damper with a Serpentine Flux Valve. Actuators. 2020; 9 (1):16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hafiz Idris; Fitrian Imaduddin; Ubaidillah; Saiful Amri Mazlan; Seung-Bok Choi. 2020. "A Concentric Design of a Bypass Magnetorheological Fluid Damper with a Serpentine Flux Valve." Actuators 9, no. 1: 16.
Chemically crosslinked hydrogel magnetorheological (MR) plastomer (MRP) embedded with carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) exhibits excellent magnetic performance (MR effect) in the presence of external stimuli especially magnetic field. However, oxidation and desiccation in hydrogel MRP due to a large amount of water content as a dispersing phase would limit its usage for long-term applications, especially in industrial engineering. In this study, different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are also used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel MRP. Thus, to understand the dynamic viscoelastic properties of hydrogel MRP, three different samples with different solvents: water, DMSO, and their binary mixtures (DMSO/water) were prepared and systematically carried out using the oscillatory shear. The outcomes demonstrate that the PVA hydrogel MRP prepared from precursor gel with water shows the highest MR effect of 15,544% among the PVA hydrogel MRPs. However, the samples exhibit less stability and tend to oxidise after a month. Meanwhile, the samples with binary mixtures (DMSO/water) show an acceptable MR effect of 11,024% with good stability and no CIPs oxidation. Otherwise, the sample with DMSO has the lowest MR effect of 7049% and less stable compared to the binary solvent samples. This confirms that the utilisation of DMSO as a new solvent affects the rheological properties and stability of the samples.
Norhiwani Mohd Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U. Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi; Nur Azmah Nordin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. Solvent Dependence of the Rheological Properties in Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 1793 .
AMA StyleNorhiwani Mohd Hapipi, Saiful Amri Mazlan, U. Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi, Nur Azmah Nordin, Nurhazimah Nazmi. Solvent Dependence of the Rheological Properties in Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (5):1793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorhiwani Mohd Hapipi; Saiful Amri Mazlan; U. Ubaidillah; Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz; Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi; Nur Azmah Nordin; Nurhazimah Nazmi. 2020. "Solvent Dependence of the Rheological Properties in Hydrogel Magnetorheological Plastomer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5: 1793.