Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that has developed very intensively in recent years. The first part of this review describes materials with medical and dental applications from the following groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Both positive and negative sides of their application are presented from the point of view of medical application and mechanical properties. A variety of techniques for the manufacture of biomedical components are presented in this review. The main focus of this work is on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, as these modern techniques have been evaluated to be the best methods for the manufacture of medical and dental devices. The second part presents devices for skull bone reconstruction. The materials from which they are made and the possibilities offered by 3D printing in this field are also described. The last part concerns dental transitional implants (scaffolds) for guided bone regeneration, focusing on polylactide–hydroxyapatite nanocomposite due to its unique properties. This section summarises the current knowledge of scaffolds, focusing on the material, mechanical and biological requirements, the effects of these devices on the human body, and their great potential for applications.

Currently, medicine uses typical industrial structure techniques, including reverse engineering, data processing, 3D-CAD modeling, 3D printing, and coordinate measurement techniques. Taking this into account, one can notice the applications of procedures used in the aviation or automotive industries based on the structure of Industry 4.0 in the planning of operations and the production of medical models with high geometric accuracy. The procedure presented in the publication shortens the processing time of tomographic data and increases the reconstruction accuracy within the hip and knee joints. The procedure allows for the partial removal of metallic artifacts from the diagnostic image. Additionally, numerical models of anatomical structures, implants, and bone cement were developed in more detail by averaging the values of local segmentation thresholds. Before the model manufacturing process, additional tests of the PLA material were conducted in terms of its strength and thermal properties. Their goal was to select the appropriate type of PLA material for manufacturing models of anatomical structures. The numerical models were divided into parts before being manufactured using the Fused Filament Fabrication technique. The use of the modifier made it possible to change the density, type of filling, number of counters, and the type of supporting structure. These treatments allowed us to reduce costs and production time and increase the accuracy of the printout. The accuracy of the manufactured model geometry was verified using the MCA-II measuring arm with the MMDx100 laser head and surface roughness using a 3D Talyscan 150 profilometer. Using the procedure, a decrease in geometric deviations and amplitude parameters of the surface roughness were noticed. The models based on the presented approach allowed for detailed and meticulous treatment planning.

Dystonic cerebral palsy (CP) presents significant challenges due to its complex movement disorders and associated complications. This case report details a unique 12-year longitudinal observation (from birth to 12 years of age) of a patient with severe dystonic CP, highlighting the benefits of an interdisciplinary, structured therapeutic approach. The patient exhibited severe dystonia, motor impairment, and a high risk of musculoskeletal and systemic complications. Diagnosis and treatment were guided by the WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework, incorporating the "F-words" concept and evidence-based recommendations. An interdisciplinary team collaborated to provide comprehensive, long–term care, including a neurologist, orthopaedist, neurosurgeon, physiotherapist, orthoptist, neuro-logopedist, alternative communication specialist, and psychologist. Over the whole course of treatment, the patient maintained good body structure and function, with no significant pain or respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urinary complications. While the mild range of motion restrictions were observed, the patient achieved independent mobility using assistive technologies and actively participated in school, sports, family activities, and social interactions. However, dystonic movements remained an unresolved challenge. This case underscores the potential of a structured, interdisciplinary approach to enhance the quality of life for individuals with severe dystonic CP. This approach significantly improved the patients' and their families' quality of life across all ICF domains. Our findings highlight the need for national healthcare systems to adopt comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to improve functional outcomes and promote independence in children with CP.

Polymer composites based on epoxy resin (EP) were developed from which anatomical models of artificial cortical bone tissue were obtained. The cancellous was polyurethane foam. To obtain appropriate mechanical properties, the EP was filled with CaCO₃ (50, 60, 70 wt%) and a hybrid filler in the form of a mixture of silica and perlite (3/3, 5/5, 7/7 wt%/wt%). Samples for mechanical testing were obtained by vacuum casting in silicone molds. The influence of the type and amount of filler on the mechanical properties of the composite was demonstrated. CaCO₃ had a particularly beneficial effect on hardness, compressive stress, and Young's modulus. The obtained anatomical bone model did not differ from natural bone in terms of structure and properties. This type of implants can be used in orthopedics and veterinary medicine.