Objectives: Compare selected concepts of information warfare and show the evolution of the Western concept of WI,resulting from the development of the information society, social-media and the resources by which information warfare is conducted.Methods: The research method used is a systematic review of Western political science literature, as well as military literature, publications on international relations, international politics, security and cyber security from the perspective of information warfare. Techniques such as analysis of background material, causal analysis and scientific and self-observation in this area were used, taking into account the dynamics of technological and geopolitical changes occurring in the modern information society.Results: The analysis made it possible to show the evolution of the Western concept of information warfare and outline the main differences from the concept of information warfare adopted by the Russian Federation. The study also points out the threats to the information society posed by the realities of modern information warfare.Conclusions: The Western conception of WI differs from that of the Russian Federation, placing the emphasis on WI as technological warfare, while the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China (PRC) place the emphasis on psychological warfare first. This discrepancy could pose a significant threat to the information environment of Western democracies, since the weakest link in the security of not only an information system, but also an information system, is the human being. This is well known not only to hackers, cyber criminals, but also to hostile state or non-state forces that conduct WI against Western countries.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, the geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe changed dramatically. Although independent states had been newly constituted, the Russian Federation, heir to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, pursued its dominance and intervention in the affairs of neighbouring regions, including Estonia. At present, however, in view of the reconstruction of the global socio-economic order, there is an assumption that the Baltic States will become an object of increased interest and influence of the Russian Federation, which in turn constitutes the subject of exploration of this academic paper. The objective of this paper is to show the prerequisites and challenges for the Baltic States, with a special focus on Estonia, exposed to the neo-imperial policy of the Russian Federation. This topic is extremely relevant and timely, particularly in the run-up to the reconstruction of the global balance of power in the international arena – especially in Central and Eastern Europe.

Organophosphorus chemical warfare agents such as sarin (GB), soman (GD), and cyclosarin (GF) rank among the most toxic substances known, making trace-level detection critical for public and military safety. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of two analytical techniques for determining these nerve agents: gas chromatography with flame-photometric detection (GC-FPD) and gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). Diluted samples of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin were prepared under controlled laboratory conditions and then analyzed by both methods. Limits of detection, calibration linearity, and selectivity of the two approaches were evaluated. It was shown that GC-ICP-MS enabled detection of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin at ≈0.12–0.14 ng/mL (LOD), whereas GC-FPD achieved LODs of ≈0.36–0.43 ng/mL. The obtained results confirm that GC-ICP-MS exhibits significantly higher sensitivity than GC-FPD in the analysis of the chemical warfare agents under study. This advantage indicates strong application potential of GC-ICP-MS as a technique for ultra-sensitive detection of trace amounts of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in environmental samples and in confirmatory testing for compliance with the CWC, while simultaneously employing GC-FPD for rapid preliminary monitoring.

Odporność społeczna (social resilience) cieszy się coraz większym zainteresowaniem badaczy, ponieważ pozwala przygotować społeczeństwo do wielu, różnego rodzaju sytuacji kryzysowych. Począwszy od zagrożeń ekologicznych i katastrof naturalnych poprzez zagrożenia ekonomiczne i zdrowotne, aż po zagrożenia występujące w trakcie konfliktu zbrojnego. Niestety pojęcie odporności społecznej (OS) wciąż pozostaje niejednorodne, a jego definicje nie zawsze są spójne z intencjami twórców koncepcji OS. Celem artykułu jest przegląd obecnych w literaturze definicji oraz wskazanie w jaki sposób współcześnie publikujący badacze definiują OS. Środkiem do realizacji jest przegląd definicji OS z ostatnich pięciu lat (2019-2023), z czasopism zindeksowanych w bazie Scopus. Przegląd ten pozwala pokazać ewolucję pojęcia OS, która jest efektem doświadczeń pandemii COVID-19, problemów migracyjnych oraz napaści zbrojnej Rosji na Ukrainę.

Publisher: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija, Journal: Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, Title: The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Impact of Passenger air Transport in Europe on Crude Oil Prices in Terms of Economic Security, Authors: Szymon Mitkow, Bartosz Kozicki, Patrycja Bryczek-Wróbel, Robert Socha, Anna Ostrowska-Dankiewicz , The study presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of two dependent variables: the number of passengers transported by air in 28 European countries and the price of one barrel of crude oil in dollars. The conducted analysis shows that in the historical data concerning the identical periods (months) in both tested series, dependencies can be found. This allowed for the construction of a zero-one multiple regression model in order to confirm the impact of the number of passengers travelling by air on the price of one barrel of crude oil and describe this phenomenon with an analytical function.

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia problematykę skażeń chemicznych w kontekście ich negatywnych skutków dla ludności cywilnej. Głównym celem jest przedstawienie koncepcji wzmocnienia systemu przeciwdziałania skażeniom chemicznym, a główny problemem badawczy zawiera się w pytaniu: jakie działania należy podjąć, aby wzmocnić system przeciwdziałania skażeniom chemicznym. Wykorzystano teoretyczne metody badawcze, w tym analizę systemową, porównawczą i statystyczną. Przeprowadzono krytyczną kwerendę literatury przedmiotu badań. W celu uzupełnienia narracji analitycznej wykorzystano metodę empiryczną w postaci wywiadu osobistego, zogniskowanego.