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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a tiny fraction of the full potential of energy from biomass is currently exploited in the world. Biogas is a good source of energy and heat, and a clean fuel. Converting it to biomethane creates a product that combines all the benefits of natural gas with zero greenhouse gas emissions. This is important given that the methane contained in biogas is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). The total amount of CO2 emission avoided due to the installation of biogas plants is around 3380 ton/year, as 1 m3 of biogas corresponds to 0.70 kg of CO2 saved. In Russia, despite the huge potential, the development of bioenergy is rather on the periphery, due to the abundance of cheap hydrocarbons and the lack of government support. Based on the data from an agro-industrial plant located in Central Russia, the authors of the article demonstrate that biogas technologies could be successfully used in Russia, provided that the Russian Government adopted Western-type measures of financial incentives.
Svetlana Zueva; Andrey A. Kovalev; Yury V. Litti; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis. Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia. Energies 2021, 14, 5244 .
AMA StyleSvetlana Zueva, Andrey A. Kovalev, Yury V. Litti, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, Ida De Michelis. Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia. Energies. 2021; 14 (17):5244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvetlana Zueva; Andrey A. Kovalev; Yury V. Litti; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis. 2021. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia." Energies 14, no. 17: 5244.
Rare earth elements (REEs), independently by the economic value, have a strategic importance and are involved, as critical materials, in the competition for their supply. An innovative process with the introduction of a preliminary physicochemical treatment was proposed. The mechanical activation of waste of fluorescent powders was performed by a vibratory disc mill at different experimental conditions to optimize the process. The mechanical forces induced to the powders cause crystal structure defects with a consequent increase of rare earths leachability. Factorial experimentations and analysis of variance were studied to determine the significant effects of the investigated factors (mechanical activation time, sulfuric acid concentration, pulp density and leaching temperature), especially for terbium dissolution. The preliminary activation allows to increase terbium dissolution of 35%. Then, according to the best conditions the subsequent operations of precipitation and calcination were performed obtaining a purity of 98.3% as rare earth oxides. Based on the experimental results, the flowsheet for rare earths recovery has been proposed and implemented by SuperPro Designer, a simulation software for process analysis and mass-energy balances. Finally, this paper reports a comparison between the present process with the mechanical pre-treatment and the alternative method based on thermal pre-treatment.
Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Francesca Trapasso; Daniele Passeri; Gianmaria Belardi; Francesco Vegliò. Effect of mechanical activation on terbium dissolution from waste fluorescent powders. Minerals Engineering 2021, 167, 106906 .
AMA StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito, Francesco Ferella, Valentina Innocenzi, Francesca Trapasso, Daniele Passeri, Gianmaria Belardi, Francesco Vegliò. Effect of mechanical activation on terbium dissolution from waste fluorescent powders. Minerals Engineering. 2021; 167 ():106906.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Francesca Trapasso; Daniele Passeri; Gianmaria Belardi; Francesco Vegliò. 2021. "Effect of mechanical activation on terbium dissolution from waste fluorescent powders." Minerals Engineering 167, no. : 106906.
The present paper is focused on the extraction of gold from high-grade e-waste, i.e., spent electronic connectors and plates, by leaching and electrowinning. These connectors are usually made up of an alloy covered by a layer of gold; sometimes, in some of them, a plastic part is also present. The applied leaching system consisted of an acid solution of diluted sulfuric acid (0.2 mol/L) with thiourea (20 g/L) as a reagent and ferric sulfate (21.8 g/L) as an oxidant. This system was applied on three different high-grade e-waste, namely: (1) Connectors with the partial gold-plated surface (Au concentration—1139 mg/kg); (2) different types of connectors with some of which with completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—590 mg/kg); and (3) connectors and plates with the completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—7900 mg/kg). Gold dissolution yields of 52, 94, and 49% were achieved from the first, second, and third samples, respectively. About 95% of Au recovery was achieved after 1.5 h of electrowinning at a current efficiency of only 4.06% and current consumption of 3.02 kWh/kg of Au from the leach solution of the third sample.
Nicolò Ippolito; Ionela Birloaga; Francesco Ferella; Marcello Centofanti; Francesco Vegliò. Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning. Minerals 2021, 11, 235 .
AMA StyleNicolò Ippolito, Ionela Birloaga, Francesco Ferella, Marcello Centofanti, Francesco Vegliò. Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning. Minerals. 2021; 11 (3):235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolò Ippolito; Ionela Birloaga; Francesco Ferella; Marcello Centofanti; Francesco Vegliò. 2021. "Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning." Minerals 11, no. 3: 235.
Producing wine entails the consumption of large quantities of fresh water, and consequently the production of large quantities of wastewater the treatability of which becomes increasingly difficult as purification standards get stringent, year after year. The problem is in the presence of aldehydes, phenolic compounds and detergents which are not easily broken down by the microorganisms of ordinary biological treatment. Wastewaters from wineries command high levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In recent years research has focused on using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) as a means to abate the concentration of organic compounds and polluting contaminants, to render the wastewater suitable for ensuing biological treatment. The object of this study was to investigate how effective a particular type of AOP, the Fenton's reaction, could be as a pre-treatment step aimed at destroying the toxic and biologically stable organic contaminants to reduce the organic load on the ensuing biological treatment of the wastewater. In particular, our experiments showed that if oxidation with Fenton's reagents was followed by neutralization with lime and precipitation with bentonite, the COD reduction could be as high as 54%. Experimental tests were designed according to a 23 full factorial plan. Elaboration of results led to a model of COD reduction as a function of two significant factors. Finally, the flowsheet and the mass balance of the proposed process were defined.
N M Ippolito; S B Zueva; F Ferella; V Corradini; E V Baturina; F Vegliò. Treatment of waste water from a winery with an advanced oxidation process (AOP). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021, 640, 062025 .
AMA StyleN M Ippolito, S B Zueva, F Ferella, V Corradini, E V Baturina, F Vegliò. Treatment of waste water from a winery with an advanced oxidation process (AOP). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2021; 640 (6):062025.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN M Ippolito; S B Zueva; F Ferella; V Corradini; E V Baturina; F Vegliò. 2021. "Treatment of waste water from a winery with an advanced oxidation process (AOP)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 640, no. 6: 062025.
The effect of a preliminary acid leaching for the recovery of gold by thiourea from printed circuit boards (PCBs) of spent mobile phones, was investigated. Preliminary leaching is aimed to recover copper in the leachate that would compete with gold in the successive leaching of the residue with thiourea, thus preventing the formation of the gold-thiourea complex. Two hydrometallurgical routes were tested for the recovery of copper first, and gold after. The first one was based on a two-step leaching that utilizes sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide in the preliminary leaching and then thiourea for the recovery of gold in the successive leaching: A copper and gold recovery of 81% and 79% were obtained, respectively. In the second route, nitric acid was used: 100% of copper was recovered in the leachate and 85% of gold in the thiourea successive leaching. The main operative parameters, namely thiourea and ferric sulphate concentrations, leach time, liquid-solid ratio, and temperature were studied according to a factorial plan strategy. A flowsheet of the processes was proposed, and a mass balance of both routes was obtained. Finally, qualitative considerations on the technical and economic feasibility of the different routes were made.
Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Franco Medici; Loris Pietrelli; Luigi Piga. Effect of Acid Leaching Pre-Treatment on Gold Extraction from Printed Circuit Boards of Spent Mobile Phones. Materials 2021, 14, 362 .
AMA StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito, Franco Medici, Loris Pietrelli, Luigi Piga. Effect of Acid Leaching Pre-Treatment on Gold Extraction from Printed Circuit Boards of Spent Mobile Phones. Materials. 2021; 14 (2):362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito; Franco Medici; Loris Pietrelli; Luigi Piga. 2021. "Effect of Acid Leaching Pre-Treatment on Gold Extraction from Printed Circuit Boards of Spent Mobile Phones." Materials 14, no. 2: 362.
Typical methods for the treatment of waste pickling solutions include precipitation by alkaline reagents, most commonly calcium hydroxide. As a result, large volumes of galvanic sludge form, containing iron, calcium, sulphates, and a relatively small quantity of zinc (<20%), making Zn recovery not profitable. In summary, state-of-the-art Zn galvanization processes entail the loss of valuable metals and the irrational and expensive handling of spent pickling solutions (SPSs). The resulting conclusion is that there is room for a significant improvement in the way SPSs are treated, with the double goal of enhancing Zn galvanization methods’ economic viability and achieving a lesser impact on the environment’s processes. The experimental results show that it is possible to use SPS as a coagulant to treat the process wastewaters, kept separated, and added with sodium hydroxide. The results in obtaining precipitates with Zn contents higher than 40%, increasing the added advantage of making Zn recovery profitable. The results show the possibility of using SPS as a coagulant in the process of physical-chemical wastewater treatment and sodium hydroxide to obtain a precipitate with a zinc content of more than 40%.
Svetlana Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò Ippolito; Francesco Vegliò. Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants. Sustainability 2021, 13, 407 .
AMA StyleSvetlana Zueva, Francesco Ferella, Valentina Innocenzi, Ida De Michelis, Valentina Corradini, Nicolò Ippolito, Francesco Vegliò. Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (1):407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvetlana Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò Ippolito; Francesco Vegliò. 2021. "Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 407.
Mario Berra; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Teresa Mangialardi; Antonio Evangelista Paolini; Luigi Piga. Corrigendum of “Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures” [Waste Manage. 90 (2019) 10–16]. Waste Management 2019, 99, 172 -173.
AMA StyleMario Berra, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Teresa Mangialardi, Antonio Evangelista Paolini, Luigi Piga. Corrigendum of “Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures” [Waste Manage. 90 (2019) 10–16]. Waste Management. 2019; 99 ():172-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Berra; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Teresa Mangialardi; Antonio Evangelista Paolini; Luigi Piga. 2019. "Corrigendum of “Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures” [Waste Manage. 90 (2019) 10–16]." Waste Management 99, no. : 172-173.
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is widely used as a solvent in the semiconductor industry. After the photo-impression process, it is necessary to remove the photoresist (PR) layer from the surface of the circuits; for this purpose, a TMAH solution is usually used. This chemical compound is highly toxic and corrosive and cannot be discharged into the environment. This study was carried out in collaboration with LFoundry (SMIC group), in order to prove the feasibility of biodegradation under aerobic conditions, using microorganisms coming from the LFoundry’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at different operating conditions. The feed composition was modified in order to add a small but increasing amount of TMAH and PR. The aim was to verify if the increase of TMAH concentration was harmful to bacteria. The feed stream, containing TMAH and PR, was the only carbon source for the metabolism of the aerobic microorganisms. The results of this study demonstrated an effective biological degradation of TMAH and showed a total removal efficiency of more than 99.3%, with a final concentration of 7 mg/L. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of the Monod model were also calculated. The results obtained from the experimental campaign were used to design a pilot plant that will treat around 25 L/h of waste TMAH/PR solution.
Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Svetlana Zueva; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Ionela P. Birloaga; Ida De Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Francesco Vegliò. Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3923 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Ferella, Valentina Innocenzi, Svetlana Zueva, Valentina Corradini, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Ionela P. Birloaga, Ida De Michelis, Marina Prisciandaro, Francesco Vegliò. Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Svetlana Zueva; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Ionela P. Birloaga; Ida De Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Francesco Vegliò. 2019. "Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3923.
The compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements for using woody biomass fly ash (WBFA) as a mineral admixture in cement-based materials was studied in terms of the use of the cement-biomass fly ash concrete where the fluids surrounding and interacting with it renew themselves over time. The study was preceded by a preliminary characterization of WBFA whose results showed that the European chemical requirements (EN 450-1, 2012) established for the reuse of coal fly ash in cement-based materials (there is no normative for WBFA) were met except for the chloride content. A blend with a quite high content of WBFA (30%) and Portland cement (70%) was prepared to test the leaching behaviour of the cement-biomass fly ash concrete. After that, cubic specimens were cast from a paste with water:solid ratio 0.5 and subsequently cured for 28 days at 20 °C. Monolith leaching tests were carried out on the specimens for heavy metals leachability, following the standard leaching test NEN 7345 that was modified to make it able to simulate an aggressive environmental context where the hardened cementitious material was supposed to be placed. The results have shown a good capacity of the cement-biomass fly ash material to immobilize the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) present in the WBFA. Also, the extrapolated releases of these metals after 100 years were found below the limits established by the Dutch Building Materials Decree. Thus, the reuse of WBFA in cement-based materials may be considered compatible with the environmental requirements.
Mario Berra; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Teresa Mangialardi; Antonio Evangelista Paolini; Luigi Piga. Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures. Waste Management 2019, 90, 10 -16.
AMA StyleMario Berra, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Teresa Mangialardi, Antonio Evangelista Paolini, Luigi Piga. Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures. Waste Management. 2019; 90 ():10-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Berra; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Teresa Mangialardi; Antonio Evangelista Paolini; Luigi Piga. 2019. "Leaching test procedure for assessing the compliance of the chemical and environmental requirements of hardened woody biomass fly ash cement mixtures." Waste Management 90, no. : 10-16.
Due to limited economic resources, which impede access to specific advanced technologies, many developing countries are still facing the challenge of reducing human exposure to heavy metals, which is primarily associated with the consumption of water contaminated through the discharge of poorly treated wastewater. In wastewater treatment technology, adsorption is sometime preferred to other approaches because of its high efficiency, easy handling, availability of different substrates and cost effectiveness. Moreover, increasing emphasis has recently been given to the use of low-cost adsorbents (generally solid wastes) for the treatment of polluted water, with a resulting double benefit for the environment. In this paper, the use of red mud and pyrolusite has been investigated for the removal of As and Mn from drinking water. Adsorption equilibrium data have been examined through the application of constant temperature models (isotherms), while batch and dynamic tests have been used to clarify the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on the adsorption performance, aiming at identifying the best conditions for the treatment. The combined use of the two adsorbents allows exploiting their properties synergistically, maximizing efficacy and sustainability without affecting process design and costs. In particular, ‘clean’ water (i.e. water with heavy metals contents below law limits) has been obtained even after the passage of a volume of solution higher than 40 bed volumes, and considering initial unrealistically high concentrations for the metals.
Loris Pietrelli; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Sergio Ferro; Vincenzo Giorgio Dovì; Marco Vocciante. Removal of Mn and As from drinking water by red mud and pyrolusite. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 237, 526 -533.
AMA StyleLoris Pietrelli, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Sergio Ferro, Vincenzo Giorgio Dovì, Marco Vocciante. Removal of Mn and As from drinking water by red mud and pyrolusite. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 237 ():526-533.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoris Pietrelli; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Sergio Ferro; Vincenzo Giorgio Dovì; Marco Vocciante. 2019. "Removal of Mn and As from drinking water by red mud and pyrolusite." Journal of Environmental Management 237, no. : 526-533.
End-of-life photovoltaic modules can be hazardous wastes if they contain hazardous materials. The main problem arising from this type of waste is the presence of environmentally toxic substances and the poor biodegradability of the waste, which occupies great volumes when landfilled. For these reasons, photovoltaic modules have to be treated before landfilling as required by the legislation. The subject of this paper is the polycrystalline silicon type photovoltaic modules. They were treated with a physical and a chemical process. The physical process was aimed at the recovery of glass, metals, and the polyvinyl fluoride film. The modules were initially shredded with a knife mill and then processed with heavy medium separation, milling, and sieving. The glass (76%) and 100% of the metals were recovered respectively, at a grade of about 100% and 67%. Finally, a flow sheet of the physical process was proposed. The chemical process was aimed at identifying the best conditions which allow the dissolution of the EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), that is the polymer that attaches the three layers that make up the module, namely the glass, the polycrystalline silicon, and the polyvinyl fluoride support. The experimental factors investigated were: type of solvent, thermal pretreatment, treatment time, temperature, and ultrasound. The best conditions to completely dissolve EVA in less than 60 min were the use of toluene as a solvent at 60 °C combined with the use of ultrasound at 200 W, while the pretreatment at 200 °C appeared to be useless.
Maurianne Flore Azeumo; Conte Germana; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Medici Franco; Piga Luigi; Santilli Settimio. Photovoltaic module recycling, a physical and a chemical recovery process. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2019, 193, 314 -319.
AMA StyleMaurianne Flore Azeumo, Conte Germana, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Medici Franco, Piga Luigi, Santilli Settimio. Photovoltaic module recycling, a physical and a chemical recovery process. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2019; 193 ():314-319.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurianne Flore Azeumo; Conte Germana; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Medici Franco; Piga Luigi; Santilli Settimio. 2019. "Photovoltaic module recycling, a physical and a chemical recovery process." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 193, no. : 314-319.
Valentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Loris Pietrelli; Marcello Centofanti; Luigi Piga; Francesco Vegliò. Application of solvent extraction operation to recover rare earths from fluorescent lamps. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 172, 2840 -2852.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Loris Pietrelli, Marcello Centofanti, Luigi Piga, Francesco Vegliò. Application of solvent extraction operation to recover rare earths from fluorescent lamps. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 172 ():2840-2852.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Loris Pietrelli; Marcello Centofanti; Luigi Piga; Francesco Vegliò. 2018. "Application of solvent extraction operation to recover rare earths from fluorescent lamps." Journal of Cleaner Production 172, no. : 2840-2852.
The literature is rich of scientific works regarding the recovery of yttrium and europium from red phosphors of lamps and it is poor of papers about the extraction of terbium, cerium and lanthanum from green phosphors. The red phosphors are constituted by rare earth oxides and they are more easily dissolved in the leaching step respect to the green phosphors that are rare earth phosphates. This paper was mainly focused on the recovery of rare earths from green phosphors, with major attention on terbium extraction that is the most valuable metal. Hence, an innovative process with a thermal pretreatment was proposed. Alkaline fusion with barium hydroxide and the following leaching were studied under various experimental conditions to optimize the process parameters. Statistical design of experiments and analysis of variance were performed in order to determine the main effects and interactions between the investigated factors (barium hydroxide/powders ratio, sulfuric acid concentration, leaching temperature, pulp density and leaching time) for the dissolution of each rare earth elements. The results, for most of REE considered, especially for terbium showed that barium hydroxide/powder ratio and temperature were significant with a positive effect. Concentration of sulfuric acid and pulp density were significant with a negative effect. Time of leaching instead had a very slightly positive effect. The best extraction yields, obtained under the optimal conditions, were: 99% for yttrium and europium, 80% for terbium, 65% for lanthanum, 63% for gadolinium and 60% for cerium. Therefore, rare earth oxides were produced after oxalic acid precipitation and calcination. The grade was 82.22% of yttrium oxide, 8.38% of europium oxide, 2.43% of cerium oxide, 2.29% of gadolinium oxide, 1.77% of lanthanum oxide and 1.52% of terbium oxide
Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. Rare earth elements recovery from fluorescent lamps: A new thermal pretreatment to improve the efficiency of the hydrometallurgical process. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 153, 287 -298.
AMA StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, Ida de Michelis, Franco Medici, Francesco Vegliò. Rare earth elements recovery from fluorescent lamps: A new thermal pretreatment to improve the efficiency of the hydrometallurgical process. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 153 ():287-298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolò Maria Ippolito; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. 2017. "Rare earth elements recovery from fluorescent lamps: A new thermal pretreatment to improve the efficiency of the hydrometallurgical process." Journal of Cleaner Production 153, no. : 287-298.
Terbium and rare earths recovery from fluorescent powders of exhausted lamps by acid leaching with hydrochloric acid was the objective of this study. In order to investigate the factors affecting leaching a series of experiments was performed in according to a full factorial plan with four variables and two levels (4(2)). The factors studied were temperature, concentration of acid, pulp density and leaching time. Experimental conditions of terbium dissolution were optimized by statistical analysis. The results showed that temperature and pulp density were significant with a positive and negative effect, respectively. The empirical mathematical model deducted by experimental data demonstrated that terbium content was completely dissolved under the following conditions: 90 °C, 2 M hydrochloric acid and 5% of pulp density; while when the pulp density was 15% an extraction of 83% could be obtained at 90 °C and 5 M hydrochloric acid. Finally a flow sheet for the recovery of rare earth elements was proposed. The process was tested and simulated by commercial software for the chemical processes. The mass balance of the process was calculated: from 1 ton of initial powder it was possible to obtain around 160 kg of a concentrate of rare earths having a purity of 99%. The main rare earths elements in the final product was yttrium oxide (86.43%) following by cerium oxide (4.11%), lanthanum oxide (3.18%), europium oxide (3.08%) and terbium oxide (2.20%). The estimated total recovery of the rare earths elements was around 70% for yttrium and europium and 80% for the other rare earths.
Valentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2016, 184, 552 -559.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Ida de Michelis, Franco Medici, Francesco Vegliò. A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2016; 184 ():552-559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. 2016. "A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 184, no. : 552-559.
The aim of the study is the recovery by thermal treatment of manganese and zinc from a mixture of zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries, on the basis of the different phase change temperatures of the two metal-bearing phases. ASR (Automotive Shredder Residue), containing 68% of carbon, was added to the mixture to act as a reductant to metallic Zn of the zinc-bearing phases. The mixture was subsequently heated in different atmospheres (air, CO2 and N2) and at different temperatures (900 °C, 1000 °C and 1200 °C) and stoichiometric excess of ASR (300%, 600% and 900%). Characterization of the mixture and of the residues of thermal treatment was carried out by chemical analysis, TGA/DTA, SEM and XRD. The results show that recovery of 99% of zinc (grade 97%) is achieved at 1000 °C in N2 with a stoichiometric excess of car-fluff of 900%. This product could be suitable for production of new batteries after refining by hydrometallurgical way. Recovery of Mn around 98% in the residue of the treatment is achieved at any temperature and atmosphere tested with a grade of 57% at 900% excess of car-fluff. This residue is enriched in manganese oxide and could be used in the production of iron–manganese alloys.
N.M. Ippolito; G. Belardi; F. Medici; L. Piga. Utilization of automotive shredder residues in a thermal process for recovery of manganese and zinc from zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries. Waste Management 2016, 51, 182 -189.
AMA StyleN.M. Ippolito, G. Belardi, F. Medici, L. Piga. Utilization of automotive shredder residues in a thermal process for recovery of manganese and zinc from zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries. Waste Management. 2016; 51 ():182-189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN.M. Ippolito; G. Belardi; F. Medici; L. Piga. 2016. "Utilization of automotive shredder residues in a thermal process for recovery of manganese and zinc from zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries." Waste Management 51, no. : 182-189.
The main aim of this work is the thermal recovery of manganese and zinc from a mixture of zinc-carbon and alkaline spent batteries containing 40.9% of Mn and 30.1% of Zn after a preliminary physical treatment followed by the removal of mercury. Separation of the metals is carried out on the basis of their different phase change temperatures, in fact the boiling point of mercury and zinc are 357 °C and 906 °C, respectively, and the melting point of Mn3O4, the main Mn-bearing phase in the mixture, is 1564 °C. After wet comminution and sieving to remove the anodic collectors and most of the chlorides contained in the mixture, chemical and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analyses were performed. The mixture was initially heated in an air flow at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 400 °C to eliminate mercury, then, the flow of air was turned into an inert carbon dioxide atmosphere. The volatilization of metallic zinc starts at a temperature 850 °C. At higher temperature the reduction of zinc oxide and subsequent volatilization of metallic zinc is carried out by the carbon present in the original mixture or in the automotive shredder residue (car fluff) added from the outside. By optimization of temperature, stoichiometric ratio and residence time, a product suitable for production of new batteries after refining was obtained. The treatment residue consisted of manganese and iron oxides that could be used to produce manganese-iron alloys.
Girolamo Belardi; Roberto Lavecchia; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Franco Medici; Luigi Piga; Antonio Zuorro. Recovery of Metals from Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline Spent Batteries by Using Automotive Shredder Residues. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 2015, 41, 270 -274.
AMA StyleGirolamo Belardi, Roberto Lavecchia, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Franco Medici, Luigi Piga, Antonio Zuorro. Recovery of Metals from Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline Spent Batteries by Using Automotive Shredder Residues. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management. 2015; 41 (3):270-274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirolamo Belardi; Roberto Lavecchia; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Franco Medici; Luigi Piga; Antonio Zuorro. 2015. "Recovery of Metals from Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline Spent Batteries by Using Automotive Shredder Residues." The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 41, no. 3: 270-274.