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TMAH is quaternary ammonium salt, consists of a methylated nitrogen molecule, and is widely used in the electronics industry as a developer and silicon etching agent. This substance is toxic and fatal if ingested. It can also cause skin burns, eye damage, and organ damage. Moreover, TMAH exhibits long-lasting toxicity to aquatic systems. Despite this known toxicity, the authorities currently do not provide emission limits (i.e., discharge concentrations) for wastewater by EU regulation. The current scenario necessitates the study of the processes for industrial wastewater containing TMAH. This work aims to present a successful example of the treatment process for the degradation of TMAH waste solutions of the E&S industry. Research was conducted at the pilot scale, and the process feasibility (both technical and economic) and its environmental sustainability are demonstrated. This process, which treats three exhausted solutions with a high concentration of toxic substances, is considered to be innovative.
Valentina Innocenzi; Svetlana B. Zueva; Francesco Vegliò; Ida De Michelis. Pilot-Scale Experiences with Aerobic Treatment and Chemical Processes of Industrial Wastewaters from Electronics and Semiconductor Industry. Energies 2021, 14, 5340 .
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Svetlana B. Zueva, Francesco Vegliò, Ida De Michelis. Pilot-Scale Experiences with Aerobic Treatment and Chemical Processes of Industrial Wastewaters from Electronics and Semiconductor Industry. Energies. 2021; 14 (17):5340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Svetlana B. Zueva; Francesco Vegliò; Ida De Michelis. 2021. "Pilot-Scale Experiences with Aerobic Treatment and Chemical Processes of Industrial Wastewaters from Electronics and Semiconductor Industry." Energies 14, no. 17: 5340.
The present paper is focused on the extraction of gold from high-grade e-waste, i.e., spent electronic connectors and plates, by leaching and electrowinning. These connectors are usually made up of an alloy covered by a layer of gold; sometimes, in some of them, a plastic part is also present. The applied leaching system consisted of an acid solution of diluted sulfuric acid (0.2 mol/L) with thiourea (20 g/L) as a reagent and ferric sulfate (21.8 g/L) as an oxidant. This system was applied on three different high-grade e-waste, namely: (1) Connectors with the partial gold-plated surface (Au concentration—1139 mg/kg); (2) different types of connectors with some of which with completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—590 mg/kg); and (3) connectors and plates with the completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—7900 mg/kg). Gold dissolution yields of 52, 94, and 49% were achieved from the first, second, and third samples, respectively. About 95% of Au recovery was achieved after 1.5 h of electrowinning at a current efficiency of only 4.06% and current consumption of 3.02 kWh/kg of Au from the leach solution of the third sample.
Nicolò Ippolito; Ionela Birloaga; Francesco Ferella; Marcello Centofanti; Francesco Vegliò. Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning. Minerals 2021, 11, 235 .
AMA StyleNicolò Ippolito, Ionela Birloaga, Francesco Ferella, Marcello Centofanti, Francesco Vegliò. Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning. Minerals. 2021; 11 (3):235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolò Ippolito; Ionela Birloaga; Francesco Ferella; Marcello Centofanti; Francesco Vegliò. 2021. "Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning." Minerals 11, no. 3: 235.
Typical methods for the treatment of waste pickling solutions include precipitation by alkaline reagents, most commonly calcium hydroxide. As a result, large volumes of galvanic sludge form, containing iron, calcium, sulphates, and a relatively small quantity of zinc (<20%), making Zn recovery not profitable. In summary, state-of-the-art Zn galvanization processes entail the loss of valuable metals and the irrational and expensive handling of spent pickling solutions (SPSs). The resulting conclusion is that there is room for a significant improvement in the way SPSs are treated, with the double goal of enhancing Zn galvanization methods’ economic viability and achieving a lesser impact on the environment’s processes. The experimental results show that it is possible to use SPS as a coagulant to treat the process wastewaters, kept separated, and added with sodium hydroxide. The results in obtaining precipitates with Zn contents higher than 40%, increasing the added advantage of making Zn recovery profitable. The results show the possibility of using SPS as a coagulant in the process of physical-chemical wastewater treatment and sodium hydroxide to obtain a precipitate with a zinc content of more than 40%.
Svetlana Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò Ippolito; Francesco Vegliò. Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants. Sustainability 2021, 13, 407 .
AMA StyleSvetlana Zueva, Francesco Ferella, Valentina Innocenzi, Ida De Michelis, Valentina Corradini, Nicolò Ippolito, Francesco Vegliò. Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (1):407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvetlana Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò Ippolito; Francesco Vegliò. 2021. "Recovery of Zinc fromTreatment of Spent Acid Solutions from the Pickling Stage of Galvanizing Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 407.
The textile industry is a source of significant amounts of cellulosic waste that can be processed into promising sorbents. The aim of study was understanding the adsorption behavior of metal ions on cellulose surfaces obtained from cellulose textile waste of light industry. Previous studies have shown that unmodified cellulose-based ion exchange resins obtained at different pH values were able to remove metal ions from aqueous solution. In present work the cellulose-based ion exchange resins were prepared by H2SO4 hydrolysis of initial waste product with following neutralization up to different pH and drying at 80 °C. Based on the fractional composition of powdered sorbents, the weighted average particle size of the sorbents used is determined: sorbents with pH = 1.5 - 3 ≈ 0.57 mm; sorbents with pH = 5 - 7 ≈ 0.14 mm. The IR analysis of the elemental composition of the particles showed the presence of bound sulfate groups in the powder sorbent with pH = 1.5-3. The results of experiments showed that the modification of the surface of the cellulose waste with sulfuric acid increased the effect of adsorption of Ni, Fe and Pb ions from an aqueous solution. It has been established that the electrostatic interaction between surface functional groups plays a significant role in the adsorption properties of the sorbents obtained. The affinity of sulphonic acid resins for cations generally varies with the ionic size and charge of the cation. This study showed that adsorption capacities of studied metals were in the order of Fe3+
Inna N. Pugacheva; Andrei V. Karmanov; Svetlana B. Zueva; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Ferella; Francesco Vegliò; Larisa V. Molokanova. HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY CELLULOSE-BASED TEXTILE WASTE PRODUCT. IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 2020, 63, 105 -110.
AMA StyleInna N. Pugacheva, Andrei V. Karmanov, Svetlana B. Zueva, Ida De Michelis, Francesco Ferella, Francesco Vegliò, Larisa V. Molokanova. HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY CELLULOSE-BASED TEXTILE WASTE PRODUCT. IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA. 2020; 63 (2):105-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInna N. Pugacheva; Andrei V. Karmanov; Svetlana B. Zueva; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Ferella; Francesco Vegliò; Larisa V. Molokanova. 2020. "HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY CELLULOSE-BASED TEXTILE WASTE PRODUCT." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 2: 105-110.
This article describes the improvement of wastewater treatment in a fertilizer plant located in Central Italy (municipality of Vasto). In this facility, water is used for the removal of dust and fluorinated gases from the air. The resulting wastewater contains fluorides and phosphates in hazardous forms. Its treatment ordinarily does not result in a Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) process. To achieve this purpose, several reagents were tested, focusing on the correlation linking pH, type of reagent and the effect on the separation of fluorides and phosphates from the wastewater. It was eventually found, and explained with a model, that hydrated lime at pH = 12 was so effective as a precipitating agent that phosphate and fluoride separation reached a value of 99.9%, thus allowing for reuse of the water in the plant process. Furthermore, phosphates and fluorides precipitated in a non-hazardous form, so that the material could also be recycled. In synthesis, wastewater treatment of the fertilizer plant was upgraded so that it became a ZLD process coupled with the recovery and recycling of fluorides and phosphates.
Svetlana B. Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Giuliana Taglieri; Ida De Michelis; Inna Pugacheva; Francesco Vegliò. Zero-Liquid Discharge Treatment of Wastewater from a Fertilizer Factory. Sustainability 2020, 12, 397 .
AMA StyleSvetlana B. Zueva, Francesco Ferella, Giuliana Taglieri, Ida De Michelis, Inna Pugacheva, Francesco Vegliò. Zero-Liquid Discharge Treatment of Wastewater from a Fertilizer Factory. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (1):397.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvetlana B. Zueva; Francesco Ferella; Giuliana Taglieri; Ida De Michelis; Inna Pugacheva; Francesco Vegliò. 2020. "Zero-Liquid Discharge Treatment of Wastewater from a Fertilizer Factory." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 397.
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is widely used as a solvent in the semiconductor industry. After the photo-impression process, it is necessary to remove the photoresist (PR) layer from the surface of the circuits; for this purpose, a TMAH solution is usually used. This chemical compound is highly toxic and corrosive and cannot be discharged into the environment. This study was carried out in collaboration with LFoundry (SMIC group), in order to prove the feasibility of biodegradation under aerobic conditions, using microorganisms coming from the LFoundry’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at different operating conditions. The feed composition was modified in order to add a small but increasing amount of TMAH and PR. The aim was to verify if the increase of TMAH concentration was harmful to bacteria. The feed stream, containing TMAH and PR, was the only carbon source for the metabolism of the aerobic microorganisms. The results of this study demonstrated an effective biological degradation of TMAH and showed a total removal efficiency of more than 99.3%, with a final concentration of 7 mg/L. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of the Monod model were also calculated. The results obtained from the experimental campaign were used to design a pilot plant that will treat around 25 L/h of waste TMAH/PR solution.
Francesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Svetlana Zueva; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Ionela P. Birloaga; Ida De Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Francesco Vegliò. Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3923 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Ferella, Valentina Innocenzi, Svetlana Zueva, Valentina Corradini, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Ionela P. Birloaga, Ida De Michelis, Marina Prisciandaro, Francesco Vegliò. Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Ferella; Valentina Innocenzi; Svetlana Zueva; Valentina Corradini; Nicolò M. Ippolito; Ionela P. Birloaga; Ida De Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Francesco Vegliò. 2019. "Aerobic Treatment of Waste Process Solutions from the Semiconductor Industry: From Lab to Pilot Scale." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3923.
The microelectronics industry produces significant amounts of wastewaters containing inorganic substances such as fluorides, phosphates, and organic pollutants such as acetic acid (CH3COOH), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (C4H13NO, TMAH). The objective of this manuscript is the description of the depuration process of three types of wastewaters, representative of real liquid wastes coming from a multinational company of semiconductor production. The first residual liquid flow (WW1) contained TMAH, the second one (WW2) contained fluorides and phosphates, while the last (WW3) was rich in nitrates, fluorides and acetic acid. Aerobic treatment of WW1 was investigated by using a lab scale reactor inoculated with an activated sludge coming from the company municipal wastewater treatment plant. Another residual industrial effluent (photoresist) was added, together with several micronutrients, to guarantee a good carbon/nitrogen ratio and a nutrient supply for bacterial growth. The results showed that after one day of acclimation, the microorganisms started to remove TMAH and 99% of degradation was reached in seven days. For WW2 and WW3, a pollutant removal of 99% was obtained by chemical precipitation with lime. An attempt was made to implement the research progress made on the laboratory-developed process at the pilot and industrial scale. To this end, a simulation of the combined process was performed by using a specific software, SuperPro Designer. The process analysis showed that the treated liquids, containing TMAH not degraded to trace levels and other residual substances, can be sent to the biological WWTP of the company for further treatment; after that, the treated water can be reused and/or discharged to surface waters.
V. Innocenzi; S. Zueva; M. Prisciandaro; I. De Michelis; A. Di Renzo; G. Mazziotti di Celso; F. Vegliò. Treatment of TMAH solutions from the microelectronics industry: A combined process scheme. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2019, 31, 100780 .
AMA StyleV. Innocenzi, S. Zueva, M. Prisciandaro, I. De Michelis, A. Di Renzo, G. Mazziotti di Celso, F. Vegliò. Treatment of TMAH solutions from the microelectronics industry: A combined process scheme. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2019; 31 ():100780.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Innocenzi; S. Zueva; M. Prisciandaro; I. De Michelis; A. Di Renzo; G. Mazziotti di Celso; F. Vegliò. 2019. "Treatment of TMAH solutions from the microelectronics industry: A combined process scheme." Journal of Water Process Engineering 31, no. : 100780.
Every year the oil refining industry consumes thousand tons of fluid catalytic cracking zeolite from the E-cat generated in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. In the present paper, a new process for recycling of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (FCCCs) is presented. The process, previously tested at laboratory scale, was simulated by SuperPro Designer catalysts (FCCCs, also known as equilibrium catalysts, E-cat), which are mainly landfilled. Their intrinsic value is quite low and the content of rare earth elements (REEs), as lanthanum and cerium oxides, is around 3%wt. Moreover, their reuse in other industrial processes as raw material is very scarce. For each metric ton of spent FCCC treated for recovery of REEs, nearly the same amount of waste is generated from the process, the majority of which is represented by the solid residue resulting from the leaching stage. The manuscript presents a technological study and an economic analysis for the recovery of REEs, as well as the production of synthetic © software package. The plant was designed for a capacity of 4000 metric tons per year. The discounted cash flow (DCF) method was applied and Net Present Value (NPV) equal to about two-million € and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) equal to two years defined the profitability of the process for recycling of FCCCs. This result depends on the selling price of zeolite. Consequently, a break-even point (BEP) analysis was conducted on this critical variable and the condition of economic feasibility was verified with a price of 1070 €/ton. This study tried to implement recycling strategies towards circular economy models.
Francesco Ferella; Idiano D’Adamo; Simona Leone; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Vegliò. Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry. Sustainability 2018, 11, 113 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Ferella, Idiano D’Adamo, Simona Leone, Valentina Innocenzi, Ida De Michelis, Francesco Vegliò. Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry. Sustainability. 2018; 11 (1):113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Ferella; Idiano D’Adamo; Simona Leone; Valentina Innocenzi; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Vegliò. 2018. "Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 113.
Aerobic treatment of wastewater containing Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and photoresist was investigated using a lab scale reactor inoculated with activated sludge coming from urban wastewater treatment that never received TMAH before. The consumption of TMAH was monitored by liquid ion chromatography. Biodiversity indices were calculated from Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) bands distribution and used to estimate changes in community composition related to adaptation to the new feeding compound. The first week of adaptation was crucial, and it was analyzed in detail: many organisms died, and the microbial community suffered a great shock. TMAH levels remained constant through the first four days, and then suddenly dropped to undetectable, and at the same time NH4+ increased. When the community showed complete adaptation, predominant groups of bacteria were obtained by the Illumina sequencing of 16s rDNA amplicons, to provide insights on ecology of the adapted community, focusing on the main actors of TMAH abatement. Richness of species (Rr) peaks suggest that the development of TMAH-consuming bacteria leads to persistent consortia that maintain toxicity resistance over time. This showed adaptation and changes of the population to the different feeding conditions, and it opens new perspectives in the in situ treatment of these important residues of industrial processes without relying on external processing plants.
Giulio Moretti; Federica Matteucci; Matteo Saraullo; Francesco Vegliò; Maddalena Del Gallo. Selection of a Very Active Microbial Community for the Coupled Treatment of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Photoresist in Aqueous Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 15, 41 .
AMA StyleGiulio Moretti, Federica Matteucci, Matteo Saraullo, Francesco Vegliò, Maddalena Del Gallo. Selection of a Very Active Microbial Community for the Coupled Treatment of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Photoresist in Aqueous Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 15 (1):41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulio Moretti; Federica Matteucci; Matteo Saraullo; Francesco Vegliò; Maddalena Del Gallo. 2017. "Selection of a Very Active Microbial Community for the Coupled Treatment of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Photoresist in Aqueous Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 41.
The purpose of this work is to describe and review the current status of the recycling technologies of spent NiMH batteries. In the first part of the work, the structure and characterization of NiMH accumulators are introduced followed by the description of the main scientific studies and the industrial processes. Various recycling routes including physical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical ones are discussed. The hydrometallurgical methods for the recovery of base metals and rare earths are mainly developed on the laboratory and pilot scale. The operating industrial methods are pyrometallurgical ones and are efficient only on the recovery of certain components of spent batteries. In particular fraction rich in nickel and other materials are recovered; instead the rare earths are lost in the slag and must be further refined by hydrometallurgical process to recover them. Considering the actual legislation regarding the disposal of spent batteries and the preservation of raw materials issues, implementations on laboratory scale and plant optimization studies should be conducted in order to overcome the industrial problems of the scale up for the hydrometallurgical processes
Valentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. A review of the processes and lab-scale techniques for the treatment of spent rechargeable NiMH batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2017, 362, 202 -218.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Ida de Michelis, Marina Prisciandaro, Franco Medici, Francesco Vegliò. A review of the processes and lab-scale techniques for the treatment of spent rechargeable NiMH batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 2017; 362 ():202-218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Marina Prisciandaro; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. 2017. "A review of the processes and lab-scale techniques for the treatment of spent rechargeable NiMH batteries." Journal of Power Sources 362, no. : 202-218.
Terbium and rare earths recovery from fluorescent powders of exhausted lamps by acid leaching with hydrochloric acid was the objective of this study. In order to investigate the factors affecting leaching a series of experiments was performed in according to a full factorial plan with four variables and two levels (4(2)). The factors studied were temperature, concentration of acid, pulp density and leaching time. Experimental conditions of terbium dissolution were optimized by statistical analysis. The results showed that temperature and pulp density were significant with a positive and negative effect, respectively. The empirical mathematical model deducted by experimental data demonstrated that terbium content was completely dissolved under the following conditions: 90 °C, 2 M hydrochloric acid and 5% of pulp density; while when the pulp density was 15% an extraction of 83% could be obtained at 90 °C and 5 M hydrochloric acid. Finally a flow sheet for the recovery of rare earth elements was proposed. The process was tested and simulated by commercial software for the chemical processes. The mass balance of the process was calculated: from 1 ton of initial powder it was possible to obtain around 160 kg of a concentrate of rare earths having a purity of 99%. The main rare earths elements in the final product was yttrium oxide (86.43%) following by cerium oxide (4.11%), lanthanum oxide (3.18%), europium oxide (3.08%) and terbium oxide (2.20%). The estimated total recovery of the rare earths elements was around 70% for yttrium and europium and 80% for the other rare earths.
Valentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2016, 184, 552 -559.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Ida de Michelis, Franco Medici, Francesco Vegliò. A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2016; 184 ():552-559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Nicolò Maria Ippolito; Ida de Michelis; Franco Medici; Francesco Vegliò. 2016. "A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 184, no. : 552-559.
Valentina Innocenzi; Francesco Ferella; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Vegliò. Treatment of fluid catalytic cracking spent catalysts to recover lanthanum and cerium: Comparison between selective precipitation and solvent extraction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2015, 24, 92 -97.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Francesco Ferella, Ida De Michelis, Francesco Vegliò. Treatment of fluid catalytic cracking spent catalysts to recover lanthanum and cerium: Comparison between selective precipitation and solvent extraction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2015; 24 ():92-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Francesco Ferella; Ida De Michelis; Francesco Vegliò. 2015. "Treatment of fluid catalytic cracking spent catalysts to recover lanthanum and cerium: Comparison between selective precipitation and solvent extraction." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 24, no. : 92-97.
Yttrium is important rare earths (REs) used in numerous fields, mainly in the phosphor powders for low-energy lighting. The uses of these elements, especially for high-tech products are increased in recent years and combined with the scarcity of the resources and the environmental impact of the technologies to extract them from ores make the recycling waste, that contain Y and other RE, a priority. The present review summarized the main hydrometallurgical technologies to extract Y from ores, contaminated solutions, WEEE and generic wastes. Before to discuss the works about the treatment of wastes, the processes to retrieval Y from ores are discussed, since the processes are similar and derived from those already developed for the extraction from primary sources. Particular attention was given to the recovery of Y from WEEE because the recycle of them is important not only for economical point of view, considering its value, but also for environmental impact that this could be generated if not properly disposal.
Valentina Innocenzi; Ida de Michelis; Bernd Kopacek; Francesco Vegliò. Yttrium recovery from primary and secondary sources: A review of main hydrometallurgical processes. Waste Management 2014, 34, 1237 -1250.
AMA StyleValentina Innocenzi, Ida de Michelis, Bernd Kopacek, Francesco Vegliò. Yttrium recovery from primary and secondary sources: A review of main hydrometallurgical processes. Waste Management. 2014; 34 (7):1237-1250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Innocenzi; Ida de Michelis; Bernd Kopacek; Francesco Vegliò. 2014. "Yttrium recovery from primary and secondary sources: A review of main hydrometallurgical processes." Waste Management 34, no. 7: 1237-1250.
A. L. Manciulea; P. Macolino; P. Ilea; F. Vegliò. Recovery of Mn as MnO2from spent batteries leaching solutions. E3S Web of Conferences 2013, 1, 31005 .
AMA StyleA. L. Manciulea, P. Macolino, P. Ilea, F. Vegliò. Recovery of Mn as MnO2from spent batteries leaching solutions. E3S Web of Conferences. 2013; 1 ():31005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. L. Manciulea; P. Macolino; P. Ilea; F. Vegliò. 2013. "Recovery of Mn as MnO2from spent batteries leaching solutions." E3S Web of Conferences 1, no. : 31005.
The paper deals with recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder coming from dismantling of spent fluorescent tubes. Metals are leached by using different acids (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) and ammonia in different leaching tests. These tests show that ammonia is not suitable to recover yttrium, whereas HNO3 produces toxic vapours. A full factorial design is carried out with HCl and H2SO4 to evaluate the influence of operating factors. HCl and H2SO4 leaching systems give similar results in terms of yttrium extraction yield, but the last one allows to reduce calcium extraction with subsequent advantage during recovery of yttrium compounds in the downstream. The greatest extraction of yttrium is obtained by 20% w/v S/L ratio, 4 N H2SO4 concentration and 90 °C. Yttrium and calcium yields are nearly 85% and 5%, respectively. The analysis of variance shows that acid concentration alone and interaction between acid and pulp density have a significant positive effect on yttrium solubilization for both HCl and H2SO4 medium. Two models are empirically developed to estimate yttrium and calcium concentration during leaching. Precipitation tests demonstrate that at least the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid is necessary to recover yttrium efficiently and a pure yttrium oxalate n-hydrate can be produced (99% grade). The process is economically feasible if other components of the fluorescent lamps (glass, ferrous and non-ferrous scraps) are recovered after the equipment dismantling and valorized, besides the cost that is usually paid to recycling companies for collection, treatment or final disposal of such fluorescent powders.
Ida De Michelis; Francesco Ferella; Ennio Fioravante Varelli; Francesco Vegliò. Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: Experimental and process analyses. Waste Management 2011, 31, 2559 -2568.
AMA StyleIda De Michelis, Francesco Ferella, Ennio Fioravante Varelli, Francesco Vegliò. Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: Experimental and process analyses. Waste Management. 2011; 31 (12):2559-2568.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIda De Michelis; Francesco Ferella; Ennio Fioravante Varelli; Francesco Vegliò. 2011. "Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: Experimental and process analyses." Waste Management 31, no. 12: 2559-2568.
B. Bianco; P. Macolino; S. Quattranni; F. Veglio’. Effect of Fenton process on biological treatment of industrial waste waters. Journal of Biotechnology 2010, 150, 58 -58.
AMA StyleB. Bianco, P. Macolino, S. Quattranni, F. Veglio’. Effect of Fenton process on biological treatment of industrial waste waters. Journal of Biotechnology. 2010; 150 ():58-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Bianco; P. Macolino; S. Quattranni; F. Veglio’. 2010. "Effect of Fenton process on biological treatment of industrial waste waters." Journal of Biotechnology 150, no. : 58-58.