Exactly 50 years ago, the first article on electrochromism was published. Today electrochromic materials are highly popular in various devices. Interest in nanostructured electrochromic and nanocomposite organic/inorganic nanostructured electrochromic materials has increased in the last decade. These materials can enhance the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of devices related to them. This article describes electrochromic materials, proposes their classification and systematization for organic inorganic and nanostructured electrochromic materials, identifies their advantages and shortcomings, analyzes current tendencies in the development of nanomaterials used in electrochromic coatings (films) and their practical use in various optical devices for protection from light radiation, in particular, their use as light filters and light modulators for optoelectronic devices, as well as methods for their preparation. The modern technologies of “Smart Windows”, which are based on chromogenic materials and liquid crystals, are analyzed, and their advantages and disadvantages are also given. Various types of chromogenic materials are presented, examples of which include photochromic, thermochromic and gasochromic materials, as well as the main physical effects affecting changes in their optical properties. Additionally, this study describes electrochromic technologies based on WO₃ films prepared by different methods, such as electrochemical deposition, magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis, sol–gel, etc. An example of an electrochromic “Smart Window” based on WO₃ is shown in the article. A modern analysis of electrochromic devices based on nanostructured materials used in various applications is presented. The paper discusses the causes of internal and external size effects in the process of modifying WO₃ electrochromic films using nanomaterials, in particular, GO/rGO nanomaterials.

The article deals with research related to the issues of nanomodification of elastomers as a basis of electric heaters with self-regulating temperature. The effect of multistage mechanical activation of multilayer carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) with graphite on the uniformity of the temperature field distribution on the surface of nanomodified organosilicon elastomer has been studied. The influence of the stages of mechanical action on the parameters of MCNTs is revealed. It has been ascertained that for the MCNTs/graphite bulk material, which has passed the stage of mechanical activation in the vortex layer apparatus, a more uniform distribution of the temperature field and an increase in temperature to 57.1 °C at the supply voltage of 100 V are typical. The distribution of the temperature field in the centrifugal paddle mixer “WF-20B” for mixing MCNTs with graphite has been investigated. It has been found that there is also a thermal effect in addition to the mechanical action on the MCNTs in the paddle mixer “WF-20B”. The thermal effect is associated with the transfer of the mechanical energy of friction of the binary mixture MCNTs/graphite on the paddle and the walls of the vessel. The multiplicity of the starting current I_p to the nominal I_n (I_p/I_n) is 5 for the first sample, 7.5 for the second sample, and 10 for the third sample at the supply voltage of 100 V. The effect of reducing the starting current and stabilizing the temperature indicates the presence of self-regulation, which is expressed in maintaining a certain level of temperature.

Composite materials are becoming increasingly useful in engineering practice. They allow considering work aspects in the elastoplastic field. This is especially important for the systems that are modeled on geometric non-linearity. These systems include constructions which bearing capacity is provided by flexible threads, such as wires in bee honeycombs. An example of such a construction is the described centrifuge for honey or beebread mass extraction from a honeycomb (honey extractor), using frames for honeycombs with reinforced flexible wire. Comparative studies were conducted using previously tested computer programs based on the methods of linear and non-linear calculation of flexible wires. The deformation values of flexible wires were determined with consideration of the rotation frequency of the centrifuge rotor. The diagrams of changes in maximum expansion stresses, elongation of the wire, sagging of the flexible wire, the moment of inertia of the elastic body, equivalent loads for the methods of linear and non-linear calculation of flexible wires at different rotor rotation frequency were developed. When modeling objects with a rotating flexible wire, it is possible to use methods of both physically non-linear calculation and more simple and accessible linear calculation. Using the latter method, the calculation results should be divided by nonlinearity coefficient.

ВЫБОР ЖИДКОСТНОКОЛЬЦЕВОГО ВАКУУМНОГО НАСОСА ДЛЯ ШАРОВОЙ МЕЛЬНИЦЫ С ВАКУУМНЫМ ОТВОДОМ Аннотация. Использование порошков представляет интерес во многих отраслях промышленности

The operation of automotive equipment in conditions of low temperatures is associated with a large number of difficulties and premature failures, which arise, among other things, due to supercooling of diesel fuel. At the same time, despite the obvious problem, there are no effective solutions in mass production in our country, which leads either to an increase in engine start time or to the need to independently manufacture appropriate technical solutions, which is associated with high risks. It is also worth noting that it is necessary to develop heating systems for the entire fuel system, not just the fuel tank, since clogging of filters and fuel lines is the most common cause of failures. The article draws up a schematic diagram and analyzes the factors affecting the combustion process of diesel fuel, describes devices and technical solutions for heating the fuel system of a diesel engine, provides a device and a method for calculating the geometric characteristics of a filler neck for operation in winter conditions. The methodology is described and studies of the operational parameters of the diesel power plant (YAMZ-236NE) installed on the KI-5540 load stand are carried out. According to the results of experimental studies, the effectiveness of the proposed technological solutions has been proven.

A new device for enhancing the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel to improve the combustion process and the operational and environmental performance of diesel power plants (DPP) of agricultural machinery (AM). During regular operation, DPP indicators are decreased due to various factors including the formation of carbon deposits on the surfaces of parts, causing AM to no longer meet efficiency and environmental standards. The conducted analysis of the AM operation showed that the thermal stress of the parts is increased as a result of forming carbon deposits in the combustion chamber of the DPP. To address this issue, the proposal is to utilize a technical liquid (water) that will be directed to the combustion chamber of the DPP. This process will effectively clean the surface of the carbon deposits and prevent their future formation through the microwave action of the steam-air mixture prepared in the intake manifold. For this purpose, a device has been developed to be installed on board the SHT, integrated into the standard fuel system, allowing the preparation of watered diesel fuel. As a result of complex dynamic processing, a highly dispersed emulsion is prepared from diesel fuel and water, the combustion of which in the combustion chamber of the DSU allows for the complete removal of the formed carbon deposit. The findings show that utilizing the developed device will improve the operational and environmental performance of the DSU, increase the capacity of old equipment by up to 15%, reduce specific fuel consumption by up to 18%, and the soot content in the exhaust gases by up to 14%.