The projected global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, necessitating a significant increase in food production. Malnutrition remains a global health challenge that contributes to over 3.5 million deaths annually and accounts for 45% of all child mortalities. Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are a promising solution because of their rich composition of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. These biomolecules provide various health benefits, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties, making microalgal biomass a valuable ingredient in functional food formulations. However, the large-scale adoption of microalgae for food production faces several challenges, including species-specific variations in biochemical composition, inconsistencies in biomass yield, structural alterations during extraction and purification, sensory issues, and bioprocessing inefficiencies. Furthermore, regulatory challenges and concerns regarding bioavailability and safety continue to limit their widespread acceptance. Despite these limitations, microalgal bioactives have significant potential for the development of next-generation nutraceuticals and functional foods. This review examines the bioactive compounds found in microalgae, detailing their biological activities and functional applications in the food industry. Additionally, it explores the key challenges preventing their integration into food products and proposes strategies to overcome these challenges, ultimately facilitating the commercialization of microalgae as a sustainable and health-promoting food source.

The increasing global population has raised concerns about meeting growing food demand. Consequently, the agricultural sector relies heavily on chemical fertilizers to enhance crop production. However, the extensive use of chemical fertilizers can disrupt the natural balance of the soil, causing structural damage and changes in the soil microbiota, as well as affecting crop yield and quality. Biofertilizers and biostimulants derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria are promising sustainable alternatives that significantly influence plant growth and soil health owing to the production of diverse biomolecules, such as N-fixing enzymes, phytohormones, polysaccharides, and soluble amino acids. Despite these benefits, naturally producing high-quality microalgal biomass is challenging owing to various environmental factors. Controlled settings, such as artificial lighting and photobioreactors, allow continuous biomass production, but high capital and energy costs impede large-scale production of microalgal biomass. Sustainable methods, such as wastewater bioremediation and biorefinery strategies, are potential opportunities to overcome these challenges. This review comprehensively summarizes the plant growth-promoting activities of microalgae and elucidates the mechanisms by which various microalgal metabolites serve as biostimulants and their effects on plants, using distinct application methods. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges of biomass production in wastewater and explores biorefinery strategies for enhancing the sustainability of biofertilizers.

ToChLPV and PepGMV are Begomoviruses that have adapted to a wide host range and are able to cause major diseases in agronomic crops. We analyzed the efficacy of induced resistance to PepGMV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants with two constructs: one construct with homologous sequences derived from PepGMV, and the other construct with heterologous sequences derived from ToChLPV. Plants protected with the heterologous construct showed an efficacy to decrease the severity of symptoms of 45%, while plants protected with the homologous construct showed an efficacy of 80%. Plants protected with the heterologous construct showed a reduction of incidence of 42.86%, while the reduction of incidence in plants protected with the homologous construct was 57.15%. The efficacy to decrease viral load was 95.6% in plants protected with the heterologous construct, and 99.56% in plants protected with the homologous construct. We found, in both constructs, up-regulated key components of the RNAi pathway. This demonstrates that the efficacy of the constructs was due to the activation of the gene silencing mechanism, and is reflected in the decrease of viral genome copies, as well as in recovery phenotype. We present evidence that both constructs are functional and can efficiently induce transient resistance against PepGMV infections. This observation guarantees a further exploration as a strategy to control complex Begomovirus diseases in the field.

This review focuses on the potential of halophytes for food, fodder and biofuels production, as well as their impacts on the environment and societies. Moreover, to open new areas in production systems using novel technologies such as halophytes in a desert agriculture. We are faced with the crisis and the shortage of freshwater in arid, semi-arid and desert regions. For this reason, we have to apply sustainable systems for human food, fodder and biofuels. Halophytes are naturally resistant to salt and develop on the coastal coast and arid-saline areas. We present a complete summary of the current situation of human population growth and food demand, a sustainable alternative such as halophilic crops of agro-industrial importance compared with conventional crops and how they can be incorporated into agriculture sustainable in arid, desert and coastal areas, basing the above on success stories.

Squash leaf curl (SLC) disease causes serious damage in a great diversity of horticultural crops worldwide and is due to infection by different ssDNA bipartite begomoviruses (Family Geminiviridae). Symptoms of leaf yellowing, stunting and curling have been observed in squash crops in the southern region of the Baja California (BC) Peninsula in the northwestern region of Mexico for at least a decade. The damage estimated for all localities showed disease incidence of 73.3 to 97.7% and severity of 49%. Infected plants were collected in three localities in addition to adult whiteflies for species determination. Squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV) was detected in both infected plants and whiteflies by PCR using specific primers that amplified a 601bp fragment. The full length DNA-A sequence was 99.1% identical to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic studies using the core CP region showed that the BC isolate grouped within a well-defined clade together with SLCuV from the Mediterranean Middle East and USA. The molecular analysis in individual adult whiteflies determined that all populations belonged to Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1) (biotype B) species. No evidence of the Mediterranean (MED) species (biotype Q) was found. The SLC disease has prevailed in squash in the region in several growing cycles and in geographically separated localities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SLCuV associated with squash plants in BCS, Mexico.

Background: The begomovirus, squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV) is one of the causal agents of squash leaf curl (SLC) disease, which is among the most destructive diseases of cucurbit crops in tropical, subtropical, and semiarid regions worldwide. This disease was originally reported in the American continent with subsequent spread to the Mediterranean basin. Up to now, SLCuV has only been detected by PCR in Mexico. This study provides the first complete sequence of a Mexican SLCuV isolate from Baja California Sur (BCS). In addition, the genome of the virus was characterized, establishing its phylogenetic relationship with other SLCuV isolates. Methods: The full genome (DNA-A and DNA-B) was amplified by rolling circle amplification, cloned and sequenced and the open reading frames (ORF) were annotated. Virus identification was performed according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) criteria for begomovirus species demarcation. To infer evolutionary relationship with other SLCuV isolates, phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed. Results: The SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] genome (DNA-A and DNA-B) had 99% identity with SLCuV reference genomes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] is closely related to SLCuV isolates from the Middle East (Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Lebanon). No evidence of interspecific recombination was determined and iterons were 100% identical in all isolates in the SLCuV clade. Conclusions: SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] showed low genetic variability in its genome, which could be due to a local adaptation process (isolate environment), suggesting that SLCuV isolates from the Middle East could have derived from the southwestern United States of America (USA) and northwestern Mexico.