A total of 66 sets of pullout specimens were prepared to investigate the bonding properties of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement (hereinafter referred to as BFRP) with seawater sand concrete (hereinafter referred to as SSC). The volume dosages of mono-doped glass fibers and mono-doped polypropylene fibers were 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%; the total volume dosage was set to be constant at 0.3%; and the doping ratios of the hybrid fibers were 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1. The effect on the bonding performance of BFRP reinforcement with SSC was studied on the condition of the diameter D of the BFRP reinforcement being 12 mm; the bond length of SSC being 3D, 5D, and 7D; and the surface characteristics of the reinforcement being sandblasted and threaded. The research showed that due to internal cracks in the matrix, salt crystals in the pores, chloride salts with high brittleness and expansion, as well as sulfate corrosion products such as “Frederick salts” in SSC, the concrete became brittle, resulting in more brittle splitting failures during the pullout test. Doped fibers can increase the ductility effect of concrete, but the bonding effect between the threaded fiber reinforcement and the SSC was not as good as that of the sandblasting group. When the bond length was 5D, the bonding effect between the BFRP reinforcement and SSC was the best, and the bonding performance of the experimental group with doped fibers was better than that of the threaded group. Finally, by combining the ascending segment of the Malvar model with the descending segment of the improved BPE model, a constitutive relationship model suitable for the bond–slip curve between BFRP reinforcement and SSC was fitted, which laid a theoretical foundation for future research on SSC.