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R.A. Street
Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa

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Review
Published: 24 August 2021 in Journal of Ethnopharmacology
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Traditional pharmacopoeias are constantly evolving and adapting, hence the assimilation of alien plants and weeds into traditional systems of healing. Invasive plants are detrimental to the ecosystem, however they are also potential sources of secondary metabolites with useful biological activities. Aim of the review: The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of traditional use and biological activity of declared invasive alien plants and other weeds in South Africa. Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, theses, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were “South Africa” or “southern Africa” in conjunction with “(native weeds OR alien invasive)” AND “medicinal”. Separate searches were conducted on the individual invasive plant species recorded as having been used in ethnobotanical surveys to determine their known biological activities and chemical components. A total of 89 plant species regarded as invasive species or weeds in South Africa were identified as being used in traditional medicine. The most commonly mentioned plant family was the Asteraceae with a total of 15 species followed by the Fabaceae and Solanaceae with 6 species each. Of the 89 species recorded, 68% were reported to have traditional usage with both phytochemical and biological data available. A history of traditional usage coupled with biological data was available for 12% of species. Records of traditional usage alone were linked to 11% of species. Invasive alien species comprised 61% of recorded species, while native and non-invasive alien weeds formed the remaining 39%. The exploration of alternative uses for weeds and particularly invasive plants, whether native or alien, as medicines for possible commercialisation may lead to innovative mechanisms for putting such species to good use.

ACS Style

L.J. McGaw; A.G. Omokhua-Uyi; J.F. Finnie; J. van Staden. Invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa: A review of their applications in traditional medicine and potential pharmaceutical properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2021, 114564 .

AMA Style

L.J. McGaw, A.G. Omokhua-Uyi, J.F. Finnie, J. van Staden. Invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa: A review of their applications in traditional medicine and potential pharmaceutical properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; ():114564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L.J. McGaw; A.G. Omokhua-Uyi; J.F. Finnie; J. van Staden. 2021. "Invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa: A review of their applications in traditional medicine and potential pharmaceutical properties." Journal of Ethnopharmacology , no. : 114564.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2021 in Molecules
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Adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs in diabetes therapy has prompted the search for novel natural lead compounds with little or no side effects. Effects of phenolic compounds from Carpobrotus edulis on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes through in vitro and in silico methods were assessed. Based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), the phenolic extract of the plant had significant (p< 0.05) in vitro inhibitory effect on the specific activity of alpha-amylase (0.51 mg/mL), alpha-glucosidase (0.062 mg/mL) and aldose reductase (0.75 mg/mL), compared with the reference standards (0.55, 0.72 and 7.05 mg/mL, respectively). Molecular interactions established between the 11 phenolic compounds identifiable from the HPLC chromatogram of the extract and active site residues of the enzymes revealed higher binding affinity and more structural compactness with procyanidin (−69.834 ± 6.574 kcal/mol) and 1,3-dicaffeoxyl quinic acid (−42.630 ± 4.076 kcal/mol) as potential inhibitors of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively, while isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (−45.398 ± 4.568 kcal/mol) and luteolin-7-O-beta-d-glucoside (−45.102 ± 4.024 kcal/mol) for aldose reductase relative to respective reference standards. Put together, the findings are suggestive of the compounds as potential constituents of C. edulis phenolic extract responsible for the significant hypoglycemic effect in vitro; hence, they could be exploited in the development of novel therapeutic agents for type-2 diabetes and its retinopathy complication.

ACS Style

Saheed Sabiu; Fatai O. Balogun; Stephen O. Amoo. Phenolics Profiling of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. and Insights into Molecular Dynamics of Their Significance in Type 2 Diabetes Therapy and Its Retinopathy Complication. Molecules 2021, 26, 4867 .

AMA Style

Saheed Sabiu, Fatai O. Balogun, Stephen O. Amoo. Phenolics Profiling of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. and Insights into Molecular Dynamics of Their Significance in Type 2 Diabetes Therapy and Its Retinopathy Complication. Molecules. 2021; 26 (16):4867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saheed Sabiu; Fatai O. Balogun; Stephen O. Amoo. 2021. "Phenolics Profiling of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. and Insights into Molecular Dynamics of Their Significance in Type 2 Diabetes Therapy and Its Retinopathy Complication." Molecules 26, no. 16: 4867.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Molecules
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Crop diseases caused by Fusarium pathogens, among other microorganisms, threaten crop production in both commercial and smallholder farming. There are increasing concerns about the use of conventional synthetic fungicides due to fungal resistance and the associated negative effects of these chemicals on human health, livestock and the environment. This leads to the search for alternative fungicides from nature, especially from plants. The objectives of this study were to characterize isolated compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal leaf extracts, evaluate their antifungal activity against Fusarium pathogens, their phytotoxicity on maize seed germination and their cytotoxicity effect on Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. The investigation led to the isolation of antifungal compounds characterized as 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone, maslinic acid (21-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid) and withaferin A (4β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-5β,6β-epoxywitha-2-24-dienolide). The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was established using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy (MS) and, in comparison, with the available published data. These compounds showed good antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than 1.0 mg/mL against one or more of the tested Fusarium pathogens (F. oxysporum, F. verticilloides, F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. graminearum, F. chlamydosporum and F. semitectum). The findings from this study indicate that medicinal plants are a good source of natural antifungals. Furthermore, the isolated antifungal compounds did not show any phytotoxic effects on maize seed germination. The toxicity of the compounds A (5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone) and AI (4β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-5β,6β-epoxywitha-2-24-dienolide) was dose-dependent, while compound B (21-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid) showed no toxicity effect against Raw 264.7 macrophage cells.

ACS Style

Hlabana Seepe; Tselane Ramakadi; Charity Lebepe; Stephen Amoo; Winston Nxumalo. Antifungal Activity of Isolated Compounds from the Leaves of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal against Fusarium Pathogens. Molecules 2021, 26, 4732 .

AMA Style

Hlabana Seepe, Tselane Ramakadi, Charity Lebepe, Stephen Amoo, Winston Nxumalo. Antifungal Activity of Isolated Compounds from the Leaves of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal against Fusarium Pathogens. Molecules. 2021; 26 (16):4732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hlabana Seepe; Tselane Ramakadi; Charity Lebepe; Stephen Amoo; Winston Nxumalo. 2021. "Antifungal Activity of Isolated Compounds from the Leaves of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal against Fusarium Pathogens." Molecules 26, no. 16: 4732.

Review article
Published: 30 July 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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There is considerable interest in the plant family Amaryllidaceae for its biologically-active isoquinoline alkaloid principles. Some of these (such as galanthamine and narciclasine) have demonstrated their applicability in the clinical arena, particularly as cancer and motorneuron disease therapeutics. While synthetic organic chemistry affords ideal opportunities for drug development with such targets, the phytochemical approach is considered a somewhat more amenable option. In this regard, southern Africa has garnered widespread attention due to the abundance of Amaryllidaceae plants in its territory. Crinum, Ammocharis, Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia are genera of the family that are likewise well-represented in southern Africa. Up to 2012, thirty members from these genera were examined for their chemical and biological properties, culminating with the identification of nearly one-hundred alkaloid entities several of which exhibited notable biological activities. The present effort covers studies since 2013 that have been undertaken on the title genera in regards to their chemical and biological characteristics. Close to ninety alkaloids and twenty-five non-alkaloid entities were described during this time-frame from fifteen representative species. Biological studies included cholinesterase inhibiton, cytotoxicity, antidiabetes and antihypertensive effects, herbicidal, insecticidal and plant growth regulatory effects, as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiplasmodial effects. The structural variety of the compounds isolated in cases allowed for structure-activity probes to be made in some of the assays. There were also studies carried out to establish the molecular basis to these activities, notably in the area of molecular cancer chemotherapeutics.

ACS Style

Jerald J. Nair; Johannes van Staden. Chemical and biological studies of the South African Amaryllidaceae genera Crinum, Ammocharis, Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 142, 467 -476.

AMA Style

Jerald J. Nair, Johannes van Staden. Chemical and biological studies of the South African Amaryllidaceae genera Crinum, Ammocharis, Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 142 ():467-476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jerald J. Nair; Johannes van Staden. 2021. "Chemical and biological studies of the South African Amaryllidaceae genera Crinum, Ammocharis, Amaryllis, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia." South African Journal of Botany 142, no. : 467-476.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Molecules
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Orchids are rich treasure troves of various important phytomolecules. Among the various medicinal orchids, Ansellia africana stands out prominently in the preparing of various herbal medicines due to its high therapeutic importance. The nodal explants of A. africana were sampled from asymbiotically germinated seedlings on basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and were micropropagated in MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 10 µM meta topolin (mT) + 5 µM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) +15 µM indole butyric acid (IBA) + 30 µM phloroglucinol (PG). In the present study, the essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the oleoresins by the solvent extraction method from the micropropagated A. africana. The essential oil and the oleoresins were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC/MS (Mass spectrometry). A total of 84 compounds were identified. The most predominant components among them were linoleic acid (18.42%), l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate (11.50%), linolenic acid (10.98%) and p-cresol (9.99%) in the essential oil; and eicosane (26.34%), n-butyl acetate (21.13%), heptadecane (16.48%) and 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl (11.13%) were detected in the acetone extract; heptadecane (9.40%), heneicosane (9.45%), eicosane (6.40%), n-butyl acetate (14.34%) and styrene (22.20%) were identified and quantified in the ethyl acetate extract. The cytotoxic activity of essential oil and oleoresins of micropropagated A. africana was evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay on Vero cells compared to the standard drug doxorubicin chloride. The present research contains primary information about the therapeutic utility of the essential oil and oleoresins of A. africana with a promising future research potential of qualitative and quantitative improvement through synchronised use of biotechnological techniques.

ACS Style

Saleh- E- In; Paromik Bhattacharyya; Johannes Van Staden. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa. Molecules 2021, 26, 4556 .

AMA Style

Saleh- E- In, Paromik Bhattacharyya, Johannes Van Staden. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saleh- E- In; Paromik Bhattacharyya; Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresins of In Vitro Micropropagated Ansellia africana Lindl: A Vulnerable Medicinal Orchid of Africa." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4556.

Article
Published: 21 July 2021 in Journal of Applied Phycology
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Light and temperature are important environmental conditions affecting microalgal growth in outdoor culture. It is essential to evaluate microalgae strains growing under outdoor conditions where they are subjected to variable environmental parameters. The present study investigated three Chlorellaceae strains (Micractinium sp. MACC-728, Chlorella sorokiniana MACC-438, and C. sorokiniana MACC-452) and a mixed culture combining these three strains. Cultures were grown in 2-L bioreactors in a greenhouse over 3 months to assess the effects of high temperature and light on their growth, macromolecule content, and antioxidant and plant-stimulating bioactivities. The most influential environmental parameters on growth were average air temperature and the sum of photosynthetically active radiation, followed by maximum air temperature. The most affected growth parameter was daily change in cell number. Chlorella sorokiniana MACC-438 produced the lowest biomass and was most affected by the high temperature and light conditions. Micractinium sp. produced the highest biomass and was least affected, suggesting it was the most suitable strain for outdoor cultivation. The mixed Chlorellaceae culture performed well in biomass production, exceeding C. sorokiniana monocultures but significantly underyielding in lipid content. Antioxidant activity and the root-stimulating activity varied with strain and culture age. Micractinium sp. had the highest but most variable antioxidant and plant-stimulating activity. Bioactivity in the mixed culture was more consistent, remaining high regardless of culture age and environmental conditions. Thus, mixed cultures of productive strains could be a useful strategy to ensure stable and high-quality biomass production in outdoor cultivation with fluctuating environmental conditions.

ACS Style

Wendy A. Stirk; Péter Bálint; Gergely Maróti; Zoltán Varga; Zsuzsanna Lantos; Johannes van Staden; Vince Ördög. Comparison of monocultures and a mixed culture of three Chlorellaceae strains to optimize biomass production and biochemical content in microalgae grown in a greenhouse. Journal of Applied Phycology 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Wendy A. Stirk, Péter Bálint, Gergely Maróti, Zoltán Varga, Zsuzsanna Lantos, Johannes van Staden, Vince Ördög. Comparison of monocultures and a mixed culture of three Chlorellaceae strains to optimize biomass production and biochemical content in microalgae grown in a greenhouse. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wendy A. Stirk; Péter Bálint; Gergely Maróti; Zoltán Varga; Zsuzsanna Lantos; Johannes van Staden; Vince Ördög. 2021. "Comparison of monocultures and a mixed culture of three Chlorellaceae strains to optimize biomass production and biochemical content in microalgae grown in a greenhouse." Journal of Applied Phycology , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2021 in Scientia Horticulturae
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The present study investigated the influence of environmental conditions (growing regions and/or fruit-harvesting periods) and cultivar on fruit phytochemical content and quality parameters of “salad-type” fresh market tomatoes grown in protected soilless culture under non-temperature-controlled high tunnels. Sixteen high yielding hybrid tomato cultivars of indeterminate growth were grown in three different regions (Tshwane, Eastern and Western regions) of a subtropical highland climate, and the fruits were harvested in three different periods of the growing season for fruit quality analysis. The Eastern region was in general the most ideal environment for increased fruit quality (particularly fruit electrical conductivity) and phytochemical content of soilless grown tomato cultivars in a non-temperature-controlled high tunnel. The fruit electrical conductivity was considerably high in this region, irrespective of its harvesting period. The potential to maximize a certain type of phytochemical or fruit quality parameter was cultivar-dependant. Cultivars responded differently to the changing environment. However, the fruit total soluble solids level of those cultivars showing superior performance was positively influenced by increased levels of thermal time accumulation and minimum relative humidity, while their fruit electrical conductivity level was reduced with increased vapour pressure deficit. On the contrary, the fruit pH level did not seem to be affected by the environment or cultivar type. Therefore, identifying appropriate growing environments for the tomato cultivars is crucial for improved phytochemical content and fruit quality parameters, contributing to nutrition security, improved income generation for farmers and overall societal well-being.

ACS Style

Nadia Alcina Araya; Thikanang Silence Chiloane; Juliet Zwokunda Rakuambo; Martin Makgose Maboko; Christian Phillipus du Plooy; Stephen Oluwaseun Amoo. Effect of environmental variability on fruit quality and phytochemical content of soilless grown tomato cultivars in a non-temperature-controlled high tunnel. Scientia Horticulturae 2021, 288, 110378 .

AMA Style

Nadia Alcina Araya, Thikanang Silence Chiloane, Juliet Zwokunda Rakuambo, Martin Makgose Maboko, Christian Phillipus du Plooy, Stephen Oluwaseun Amoo. Effect of environmental variability on fruit quality and phytochemical content of soilless grown tomato cultivars in a non-temperature-controlled high tunnel. Scientia Horticulturae. 2021; 288 ():110378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadia Alcina Araya; Thikanang Silence Chiloane; Juliet Zwokunda Rakuambo; Martin Makgose Maboko; Christian Phillipus du Plooy; Stephen Oluwaseun Amoo. 2021. "Effect of environmental variability on fruit quality and phytochemical content of soilless grown tomato cultivars in a non-temperature-controlled high tunnel." Scientia Horticulturae 288, no. : 110378.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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In addition to their use in traditional medicine, cactus pear (Opuntia species) are a source of vegetal nutrients in many countries. The aims of this study were to determine variability in the nutritional value of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars, identify correlations between nutritional traits, and determine superior cultivars based on cladode nutritional value. Cladodes of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars grown under the same glasshouse conditions were collected from the Roodeplaat research farm of the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. The sliced, dried and powdered cladodes were subjected to quantitative analysis of their vitamin C, β-carotene and mineral element contents. Significant variations in nutritional values were observed among the different cultivars. Vitamin C content ranged from 8.95 mg/100 g in cultivar Ofer to 124 mg/100 g in cultivar Malta, whilst β-carotene content ranged from 3.9 mg/100 g in cultivar Murado to 31.4 mg/100 g in cultivar Cross X. Potassium and calcium were the most abundant mineral elements present, whilst iron was found to be the least present among the mineral elements quantified. A significant positive association was established between calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) contents. A direct selection for increased concentration of Ca could be a selection criterion for the development of population with an indirect improvement of K and Zn concentrations. The observed variations highlight the need for a careful cultivar selection for population and product development using spineless cactus pear cladodes.

ACS Style

M.B. Mabotja; A.S. Gerrano; S.L. Venter; C.P. du Plooy; T. Kudanga; S.O. Amoo. Nutritional variability in 42 cultivars of spineless cactus pear cladodes for crop improvement. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 142, 140 -148.

AMA Style

M.B. Mabotja, A.S. Gerrano, S.L. Venter, C.P. du Plooy, T. Kudanga, S.O. Amoo. Nutritional variability in 42 cultivars of spineless cactus pear cladodes for crop improvement. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 142 ():140-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.B. Mabotja; A.S. Gerrano; S.L. Venter; C.P. du Plooy; T. Kudanga; S.O. Amoo. 2021. "Nutritional variability in 42 cultivars of spineless cactus pear cladodes for crop improvement." South African Journal of Botany 142, no. : 140-148.

Communication
Published: 29 June 2021 in Plants
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Seed germination is a crucial step in plant propagation, as it controls seedling production, stand establishment and ultimately crop yield. Approaches that can promote seed germination of valuable crops remain of great interest globally. The current study evaluated the effect of biostimulant (Kelpak® and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria—PGPR) biopriming on the seed germination of five (VI037996, VI046567, VI055421, VI050956, and VI033796) Abelmoschus esculentus genotypes. The germination responses of the bio-primed seeds were measured using six parameters, including final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), germination rate index (GRI), and time spread of germination (TSG). Biostimulant application significantly affected MGT (1.1–2.2 days), CVG (1.4–5.9), and TSG (1.2–3.0 days). Genotype also significantly influenced the TSG (1–3 days). Significant interaction effect of biostimulant treatment and genotype was evident on the FGP, GI, and GRI of the germinated seeds. The most noteworthy effect was demonstrated by Kelpak® (1:100) applied to genotype VI037996, with significantly improved FGP (82%), GI (238), and GRI (77%/day) when compared to the control. Overall, the current findings suggest the potential stimulatory effect of biostimulants (especially Kelpak®) on the germination of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds. However, this influence was strongly dependent on the type of genotype.

ACS Style

Gugulethu Makhaye; Adeyemi Aremu; Abe Gerrano; Samson Tesfay; Christian Du Plooy; Stephen Amoo. Biopriming with Seaweed Extract and Microbial-Based Commercial Biostimulants Influences Seed Germination of Five Abelmoschus esculentus Genotypes. Plants 2021, 10, 1327 .

AMA Style

Gugulethu Makhaye, Adeyemi Aremu, Abe Gerrano, Samson Tesfay, Christian Du Plooy, Stephen Amoo. Biopriming with Seaweed Extract and Microbial-Based Commercial Biostimulants Influences Seed Germination of Five Abelmoschus esculentus Genotypes. Plants. 2021; 10 (7):1327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gugulethu Makhaye; Adeyemi Aremu; Abe Gerrano; Samson Tesfay; Christian Du Plooy; Stephen Amoo. 2021. "Biopriming with Seaweed Extract and Microbial-Based Commercial Biostimulants Influences Seed Germination of Five Abelmoschus esculentus Genotypes." Plants 10, no. 7: 1327.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Plants
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Variation in cultivars can influence plant biological activities. This study aimed to identify superior cultivars while determining the variability in the phytochemical content, antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and antibacterial activities of cladode extracts from selected spineless Burbank cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia robusta) cultivars. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid assays. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition was determined using a spectrophotometric method and antibacterial activity using a non-polar (petroleum ether) and polar (50% methanol) extracts against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Significant variation in phytochemical content, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities was observed amongst the cultivars. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity varied widely with IC50 values ranging from 0.06 to 1.85 mg/mL. Radical scavenging activity of Polypoly cultivar was about seven fold higher than that recorded in other cultivars with low activity. Turpin and Berg x Mexican cultivars had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, whilst the non-polar extract of Turpin also exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Sicilian Indian Fig was amongst the cultivars with a higher antioxidant activity, whilst also showing a strong inhibition against B. subtilis and E. coli. Polypoly cultivar demonstrated strong antioxidant and antidiabetic activities while its polar extract showed the highest total antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. The cultivar Malta was superior in terms of its antibacterial potency and efficacy against B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The potential of using spineless cactus pear cladodes as a functional food with antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties against pathogenic food spoilage bacteria in place of synthetic compounds was established. The significance of cultivar selection to increase this potential was highlighted.

ACS Style

Mologadi Mabotja; Sonja Venter; Christian Du Plooy; Tukayi Kudanga; Stephen Amoo. Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities of Spineless Cactus Pear Cultivars. Plants 2021, 10, 1312 .

AMA Style

Mologadi Mabotja, Sonja Venter, Christian Du Plooy, Tukayi Kudanga, Stephen Amoo. Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities of Spineless Cactus Pear Cultivars. Plants. 2021; 10 (7):1312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mologadi Mabotja; Sonja Venter; Christian Du Plooy; Tukayi Kudanga; Stephen Amoo. 2021. "Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities of Spineless Cactus Pear Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 7: 1312.

Review article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Plant Stress
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Increasing incidences of combined drought and heat stress poses a serious threat to production and productivity of crops in sub-Saharan Africa where 95% of crop production is rainfed. In this review we discuss the morphological and physiological effects of drought and heat stresses, with specific emphasis on their combined effects on sorghum, a hardy small grain crop of diverse uses and suitable for marginal areas of the semi-arid tropics. Resistance mechanisms to drought stress were reviewed to enhance understanding amongst crop scientists and botanists. The most important physiological processes in sorghum that is sensitive to drought and heat stresses include cell division, cell metabolism, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of bioactive and secondary metabolites, nutrient uptake and membrane stability. All of which affects germination, growth, reproduction and consequently controls crop yield. Various morphological and physiological traits enable sorghum to tolerate drought and heat stress through escaping, avoiding and tolerating their effects to sustain physiological and metabolic activities. A deep root system, thick leaf cuticle layers and leaf rolling enable drought avoidance, while physiological adjustments include osmotic adjustment and stomatal regulation. Drought tolerance mechanisms are mainly physiological adjustments such as antioxidative capacity, membrane stability, cooler canopies and a stay green trait that achieves photosynthetic capacity and transpiration efficiency. However, there is great genetic variability even within sorghum on the genotypic responses to drought and heat stress. Understanding of morphological and physiological effects of abiotic stresses, especially when combined and tolerance mechanisms of a specified important crop like sorghum, gives us better insight and a more holistic approach in understanding biological systems that affect its productivity that may enhance its management and improvement.

ACS Style

Elton Ndlovu; Johannes van Staden; Mcebisi Maphosa. Morpho-physiological effects of moisture, heat and combined stresses on Sorghum bicolor [Moench (L.)] and its acclimation mechanisms. Plant Stress 2021, 2, 100018 .

AMA Style

Elton Ndlovu, Johannes van Staden, Mcebisi Maphosa. Morpho-physiological effects of moisture, heat and combined stresses on Sorghum bicolor [Moench (L.)] and its acclimation mechanisms. Plant Stress. 2021; 2 ():100018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elton Ndlovu; Johannes van Staden; Mcebisi Maphosa. 2021. "Morpho-physiological effects of moisture, heat and combined stresses on Sorghum bicolor [Moench (L.)] and its acclimation mechanisms." Plant Stress 2, no. : 100018.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2021 in Journal of Plant Physiology
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Detrimental effects caused by the overuse of synthetic agrochemicals have led to the development of natural biostimulants such as seaweed extracts and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) being used as an alternative, environmentally-friendly technology to improve crop growth and increase agricultural yields. The present study aimed to investigate the interactions between PGPR and a commercial seaweed extract on the growth and biochemical composition of onion (Allium cepa). A pot trial was conducted under greenhouse conditions where onion plants were treated individually with the two PGPR, namely Bacillus licheniformis (BL) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) and a seaweed extract Kelpak® (KEL) and combinations of KEL + BL and KEL + PF. Growth and yield parameters were measured after 12 weeks. KEL-treated plants showed the best growth response and overcame the inhibitory effects of BL treatment. KEL-treated plants also had the highest chlorophyll content. PGPR application improved the mineral nutrition of onion with these plants having the highest mineral content in the leaves and bulb. All biostimulant treatments increased the endogenous cytokinin and auxin content with the highest concentrations generally detected in the PF-treated plants. These results suggest that co-application of different biostimulant classes with different modes of action could further increase crop productivity with an improvement in both growth and nutrition content being achieved in onion with the co-application of a seaweed extract and PGPR.

ACS Style

Shubhpriya Gupta; Wendy A. Stirk; Lenka Plačková; Manoj G. Kulkarni; Karel Doležal; Johannes Van Staden. Interactive effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and a seaweed extract on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa L. (onion). Journal of Plant Physiology 2021, 262, 153437 .

AMA Style

Shubhpriya Gupta, Wendy A. Stirk, Lenka Plačková, Manoj G. Kulkarni, Karel Doležal, Johannes Van Staden. Interactive effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and a seaweed extract on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa L. (onion). Journal of Plant Physiology. 2021; 262 ():153437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shubhpriya Gupta; Wendy A. Stirk; Lenka Plačková; Manoj G. Kulkarni; Karel Doležal; Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Interactive effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and a seaweed extract on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa L. (onion)." Journal of Plant Physiology 262, no. : 153437.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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Phytohormones, such as strigolactones, can ameliorate abiotic stress by regulating and augmenting physiological processes tailored towards stress tolerance. We investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] seedlings to treatments with different doses (0, 1, and 10 μM) of rac-GR24, a synthetic strigolactone analog, and subjected them to chilling stress. The results show that GR24 inhibited the chilling-induced decrease in photosystem II quantum efficiencies and yield while also limiting superoxide anion and H2O2 accumulation in the seedlings. Additionally, GR24 significantly lowered lipid peroxidation levels, although total antioxidant capacities were not significantly affected while radical scavenging activity and phenolic contents were diminished. Chilling-induced dehydration and disruption of water status were ameliorated by GR24 treatment via increased proline content, by 1 μM GR24 concentration, and soluble sugar accumulation. The activities of lipoxygenase and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase) were significantly increased by 10 μM GR24 treatment in mung bean seedlings under chilling stress. Our findings provide direct evidence for strigolactone-mediated enhancement of chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings.

ACS Style

Luke O. Omoarelojie; Manoj G. Kulkarni; Jeffrey F. Finnie; Johannes Van Staden. Strigolactone analog (rac-GR24) enhances chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 140, 173 -181.

AMA Style

Luke O. Omoarelojie, Manoj G. Kulkarni, Jeffrey F. Finnie, Johannes Van Staden. Strigolactone analog (rac-GR24) enhances chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 140 ():173-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luke O. Omoarelojie; Manoj G. Kulkarni; Jeffrey F. Finnie; Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Strigolactone analog (rac-GR24) enhances chilling tolerance in mung bean seedlings." South African Journal of Botany 140, no. : 173-181.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Heliyon
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Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] has the potential to address food and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the nutrient content of taro is yet to be fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate mineral element content as a proxy for nutritional value of different taro genotypes. The study evaluated 14 taro accessions at Roodeplaat and Umbumbulu in South Africa based on their calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn) content. The accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design, replicated three times under field conditions. The mineral element content varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the genotypes. Genotypes Amad7-2, Umbu8 and Amad101 exhibited high Ca (≥432 mg kg−1), Fe (≥32 mg kg−1) and Mg (≥229 mg kg−1) across the locations. The first principal component (PC) accounted for 33.7% of the variation and was strongly associated with Zn (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) and P (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The second PC explained 29.7% of the variation and was associated with Na (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), Mg (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and K (r = 0.55, p < 0.05). Fe and Mn contributed below the 12.5% threshold to the PCs and were considered as less discriminatory among the accessions. The negative correlations among some of the mineral elements would be a challenge for selection and breeding of nutritious taro accessions. This information is essential to select superior local accessions based on their mineral element content for developing breeding populations and lines for improving nutrition quality among poor households in sub-Saharan Africa.

ACS Style

Abe Shegro Gerrano; Isack Mathew; Admire It. Shayanowako; Stephen Amoo; John Jason Mellem; Willem Jansen Van Rensburg; Michael Wolday Bairu; Sonja Louise Venter. Variation in mineral element composition of landrace taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms grown under dryland farming system in South Africa. Heliyon 2021, 7, e06727 .

AMA Style

Abe Shegro Gerrano, Isack Mathew, Admire It. Shayanowako, Stephen Amoo, John Jason Mellem, Willem Jansen Van Rensburg, Michael Wolday Bairu, Sonja Louise Venter. Variation in mineral element composition of landrace taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms grown under dryland farming system in South Africa. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (4):e06727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abe Shegro Gerrano; Isack Mathew; Admire It. Shayanowako; Stephen Amoo; John Jason Mellem; Willem Jansen Van Rensburg; Michael Wolday Bairu; Sonja Louise Venter. 2021. "Variation in mineral element composition of landrace taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms grown under dryland farming system in South Africa." Heliyon 7, no. 4: e06727.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Br. is a South African protected species widely utilized in traditional medicine. The plants' mesembrine-type alkaloids have immense potential in modern pharmacology as treatments for numerous medical and psychological disorders. Fresh plant material is paramount for researchers and pharmaceutical companies as it is presently the only available alkaloid source. Although S. tortuosum is a conservation concern and valuable to the pharmaceutical industry, information on germination behaviours of this species is scant. This study highlights the effects of the bio-stimulant smoke water (SW) on germination, seedling vigour and growth of Sceletium tortuosum in vitro. A standardized smoke extract was diluted to concentrations of 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1500, 1:2000, 1:2500 (v/v). Seeds were pulse-treated with SW solutions for 1, 2, 8 and 24 h. The study included positive and negative control treatments. The highest mean germination percentage and germination rate were recorded for 1:1000 SW for 24 h (83 ± 1.9%) and 1:2500 SW for 24 h (6.35 seeds germinated/day). Vigour index was highest for 1:1000 SW (24 h). Smoke water only improved seedling growth when germination occurred slowly. Although mean shoot length was optimal for 1:2500 (1 h) – 4.19 ± 0.15 mm – mean root length and seedling size were highest in the negative and positive (1 h) control treatments. This investigation showed that SW effectively improved germination and seedling vigour of S. tortuosum, however, alternatives must be investigated to optimize seedling growth when this biostimulant is applied.

ACS Style

Amrisha Sreekissoon; Jeffrey F. Finnie; Johannes Van Staden. Effects of smoke water on germination, seedling vigour and growth of Sceletium tortuosum. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 139, 427 -431.

AMA Style

Amrisha Sreekissoon, Jeffrey F. Finnie, Johannes Van Staden. Effects of smoke water on germination, seedling vigour and growth of Sceletium tortuosum. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 139 ():427-431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amrisha Sreekissoon; Jeffrey F. Finnie; Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Effects of smoke water on germination, seedling vigour and growth of Sceletium tortuosum." South African Journal of Botany 139, no. : 427-431.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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Among the most destructive pests affecting plant growth and yield worldwide are root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Currently, the shift from the use of chemical nematicides is trangressing globally towards choices such as organic nematicides extracted from plant substances. Plant secondary metabolites have been identified as compounds responsible for nematicidal activities in different plant species and are favored nematicidal agents because of their safe environmental record and affordability. Phytochemical screening, DPPH● scavenging capacity and nematicidal properties of eight different plant extracts under in vitro and greenhouse conditions were investigated against the egg mass hatching of the nematode, M. incognita. Four concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/mL) with distilled water serving as a control were replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) in an incubator at 25 ± 3 °C. The phytochemical analysis showed that the highest total flavonoids, condensed tannins and phenolic contents were found in Vernonia colorata (88.71 mg/g QE), Searsia lancea (406.16 mg/g CCE) and Pelargonium sidoides (175.95 mg/g GAE), respectively, with DPPH● scavenging IC50 values of 84.94, 14.40 and 6.64 µg/mL respectively. Our results further revealed that all treatments with increasing concentrations suppressed egg mass hatching after 72 h. Cucurbita maxima methanolic crude extract with DPPH● scavenging IC50 value of 168.20 µg/mL significantly reduced egg mass hatchability by 77–96% after 72 h. Under greenhouse conditions, results showed a significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of 97% on second-stage-juveniles penetration/establishment on tomato roots, with 100% root gall development inhibition on seedlings treated with V. colorata methanolic crude extract. In conclusion, all eight plant extracts showed promising nematicidal activity at 0.8 mg/mL.

ACS Style

N.T. Sithole; M.G. Kulkarni; J.F. Finnie; J. Van Staden. Potential nematicidal properties of plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 139, 409 -417.

AMA Style

N.T. Sithole, M.G. Kulkarni, J.F. Finnie, J. Van Staden. Potential nematicidal properties of plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 139 ():409-417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N.T. Sithole; M.G. Kulkarni; J.F. Finnie; J. Van Staden. 2021. "Potential nematicidal properties of plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita." South African Journal of Botany 139, no. : 409-417.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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Hypoxis hemerocallidea is a highly utilized medicinal plant, with the potential to treat testicular tumors, prostate hypertrophy and urinary infections. Although currently classified as of least concern in its conservation status, its ongoing, unsustainable harvesting and habitat loss remain threats to its natural populations. The potential of using one-half of H. hemerocallidea corms for propagation and the other half for medicinal purposes was investigated in an effort to develop sustainable utilization strategies for this plant. The corms were cut transversely into upper and lower halves, following which the upper halves were either cut into four or eight equal segments, or used without any further cutting. The segments were soaked for 30 min in 6-benzyladenine (BA) or gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 50 or 100 mg/L, while soaking in distilled water served as the control. Upper parts of the corm cut into four segments, and soaked in 50 mg/L BA resulted in a high number of cormlets. The propagation coefficient of the upper corm parts cut into four segments and soaked in 50 mg/L BA was 140%. The cutting method alone or combined with plant growth regulator treatments significantly affected the number of cormlets produced. Cutting the upper corm parts into four segments and soaking in distilled water resulted in a propagation coefficient of 90%. Cutting the upper corm parts into four segments is advantageous as the segments are not too small to compromise food reserves, while soaking allows for the leaching out of possible growth retardants. The study successfully developed a method, which can be recommended for sustainable harvesting and propagation of H. hemerocallidea.

ACS Style

Motiki M. Mofokeng; Hintsa T. Araya; S.O. Amoo; C.P. du Plooy; P.W. Mashela. Ex vitro vegetative propagation technique for sustainable utilization of Hypoxis hemerocallidea corms. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 139, 294 -299.

AMA Style

Motiki M. Mofokeng, Hintsa T. Araya, S.O. Amoo, C.P. du Plooy, P.W. Mashela. Ex vitro vegetative propagation technique for sustainable utilization of Hypoxis hemerocallidea corms. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 139 ():294-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Motiki M. Mofokeng; Hintsa T. Araya; S.O. Amoo; C.P. du Plooy; P.W. Mashela. 2021. "Ex vitro vegetative propagation technique for sustainable utilization of Hypoxis hemerocallidea corms." South African Journal of Botany 139, no. : 294-299.

Review article
Published: 18 March 2021 in South African Journal of Botany
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Infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is currently a global pandemic with more than two million deaths to date. Though a number of vaccines have recently been approved against the virus, availability remains a big challenge, and also acceptance by most people has become a big debate. This review discusses possible/proposed natural product remedies and some major conventional treatment options used to manage the infection and, safety concerns on the use of unproven or unapproved health products against COVID-19. An extensive literature review indicated that the influx of unproven and unapproved health products in the global market are on the rise, leading to various forms of self- medication. To this effect, there have been warnings by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organisation against the use of such products. Conventional drugs such as remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and dexamethasone are the major proposed drugs that are currently undergoing clinical trials for the management of this disease. Efforts are being made globally in the search for possible therapeutics which may be the best way to eradicating this disease. Some countries have approved the use of natural products in the management of COVID-19, despite little or no clinical evidence on their efficacy and safety. Natural products may hold a great potential in the fight against COVID-19 but without detailed clinical trials, their potency against the virus and their safe use cannot be established. To attain this goal, extensive research followed by clinical studies are needed. Collaborative efforts between researchers, clinicians, governments and traditional medicinal practitioners in the search and development of safe and effective therapeutics from natural products for the treatment of COVID-19 could be a potential option.

ACS Style

Aitebiremen Gift Omokhua-Uyi; Johannes Van Staden. Natural product remedies for COVID-19: A focus on safety. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 139, 386 -398.

AMA Style

Aitebiremen Gift Omokhua-Uyi, Johannes Van Staden. Natural product remedies for COVID-19: A focus on safety. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 139 ():386-398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aitebiremen Gift Omokhua-Uyi; Johannes Van Staden. 2021. "Natural product remedies for COVID-19: A focus on safety." South African Journal of Botany 139, no. : 386-398.

Reviews
Published: 11 March 2021 in Planta Medica
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Over 600 alkaloids have to date been identified in the plant family Amaryllidaceae. These have been arranged into as many as 15 different groups based on their characteristic structural features. The vast majority of studies on the biological properties of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have probed their anticancer potential. While most efforts have focused on the major alkaloid groups, the volume and diversity afforded by the minor alkaloid groups have promoted their usefulness as targets for cancer cell line screening purposes. This survey is an in-depth review of such activities described for around 90 representatives from 10 minor alkaloid groups of the Amaryllidaceae. These have been evaluated against over 60 cell lines categorized into 18 different types of cancer. The montanine and cripowellin groups were identified as the most potent, with some in the latter demonstrating low nanomolar level antiproliferative activities. Despite their challenging molecular architectures, the minor alkaloid groups have allowed for facile adjustments to be made to their structures, thereby altering the size, geometry, and electronics of the targets available for structure-activity relationship studies. Nevertheless, it was seen with a regular frequency that the parent alkaloids were better cytotoxic agents than the corresponding semisynthetic derivatives. There has also been significant interest in how the minor alkaloid groups manifest their effects in cancer cells. Among the various targets and pathways in which they were seen to mediate, their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells is most appealing.

ACS Style

Jerald J. Nair; Johannes van Staden. Cytotoxic Agents in the Minor Alkaloid Groups of the Amaryllidaceae. Planta Medica 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jerald J. Nair, Johannes van Staden. Cytotoxic Agents in the Minor Alkaloid Groups of the Amaryllidaceae. Planta Medica. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jerald J. Nair; Johannes van Staden. 2021. "Cytotoxic Agents in the Minor Alkaloid Groups of the Amaryllidaceae." Planta Medica , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 27 February 2021 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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The genus Brachystelma morphologically ranges from slender climbers to geophytes that mainly occur in Australia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. These species are well-known for their nutrition and medicinal values. The current study evaluated the effect of cytokinins (CKs) on the phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of two in vitro-regenerated Brachystelma species. We quantified the phenolic acids (using Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UHPLC-MS/MS) and antioxidant (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) potential of two (B. pulchellum and B. pygmaeum) species that were successfully micropropagated, with the use of three cytokinins (CKs): benzyladenine (BA), isopentenyladenine (iP) and meta-topolin riboside (mTR). The presence of CKs strongly influenced the concentrations of the 11 phenolic acids (consisting of seven hydroxybenzoic acids and four hydroxycinnamic acids) and ORAC of the in vitro-regenerated B. pulchellum and B. pygmaeum. Generally, the levels of hydroxycinnamic acids were higher than the hydroxybenzoic acids in both Brachystelma species. Ferulic (9–55 µg/g DW) and sinapic (14–97 µg/g DW) acids were the major phenolic acids in the micro-propagated plants. In both Brachystelma species, the majority of the CK-regenerated plants had higher ORAC relative to the control. The best antioxidant activity (> 70 μmol/g Trolox equivalents, TE) was obtained from 25 μM iP and mTR treatments for B. pulchellum and B. pygmaeum, respectively. Overall, the current study demonstrated the ability of CKs to serve as a suitable tool for the production of valuable therapeutic chemicals in the two Brachystelma species.

ACS Style

Nqobile P. Hlophe; Adeyemi O. Aremu; Jiri Gruz; Johannes Van Staden; Jeffrey F. Finnie. Influence of different cytokinins on the phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of two Brachystelma species. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2021, 145, 689 -699.

AMA Style

Nqobile P. Hlophe, Adeyemi O. Aremu, Jiri Gruz, Johannes Van Staden, Jeffrey F. Finnie. Influence of different cytokinins on the phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of two Brachystelma species. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2021; 145 (3):689-699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nqobile P. Hlophe; Adeyemi O. Aremu; Jiri Gruz; Johannes Van Staden; Jeffrey F. Finnie. 2021. "Influence of different cytokinins on the phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of two Brachystelma species." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 145, no. 3: 689-699.