Wearable devices with 5G technology are currently more ingrained in our daily lives, and they will now be a part of our bodies too. The requirement for personal health monitoring and preventive disease is increasing due to the predictable dramatic increase in the number of aging people. Technologies with 5G in wearables and healthcare can intensely reduce the cost of diagnosing and preventing diseases and saving patient lives. This paper reviewed the benefits of 5G technologies, which are implemented in healthcare and wearable devices such as patient health monitoring using 5G, continuous monitoring of chronic diseases using 5G, management of preventing infectious diseases using 5G, robotic surgery using 5G, and 5G with future of wearables. It has the potential to have a direct effect on clinical decision making. This technology could improve patient rehabilitation outside of hospitals and monitor human physical activity continuously. This paper draws the conclusion that the widespread adoption of 5G technology by healthcare systems enables sick people to access specialists who would be unavailable and receive correct care more conveniently.

This article presents a sub-6GHz ISM-band flexible wearable MIMO antenna array for wireless body area networks (WBANs) and biomedical telemetry devices. The array is based on metasurface inspired technology. The antenna array consists of 2×2 matrix of triangular-shaped radiation elements that were realized on 0.8 mm thick Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate. Radiation characteristics of the array are enhanced by isolating the surface current interaction between the individual radiators in the array. This is achieved by inserting an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) decoupling structure between the radiating elements. The radiating elements were transformed into a metasurface by etching sub-wavelength slots inside them. The periodic arrangement of slots acts like resonant scatterers that manipulate the electromagnetic response of the surface. Results confirm that by employing the decoupling structure and sub-wavelength slots the isolation between the radiators is significantly improved (>34.8 dB). Moreover, there is an improvement in the array’s fractional bandwidth, gain and the radiation efficiency. The optimized array design for operation over 5.0-6.6 GHz has an average gain and efficiency of 10 dBi and 83%, respectively. Results show that the array’s performance is not greatly affected by a certain amount of bending. In fact, the antenna maintains a gain between 8.65-10.5 dBi and the efficiency between 77-83%. The proposed MIMO antenna array is relatively compact, can be easily fabricated on one side of a dielectric material, allows easy integration with RF circuitry, is robust, and maintains its characteristics with some bending. These features make it suitable for various wearable applications and biomedical telemetry devices.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with breast cancer being a particularly prevalent form. Projections estimate nearly 20 million new cases globally over the next two decades. Early detection is critical for effective treatment; however, conventional diagnostic techniques often lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity, with some methods being invasive and labor-intensive. Recent advancements in microwave imaging (MWI) have shown significant potential as efficient, non-invasive tools for monitoring various cancer types. MWI operating in the terahertz (THz) range has emerged as a promising approach for bio-sensing, offering the precision needed to differentiate between healthy and cancerous tissues by analyzing small-scale biological features. Among the methods for breast cancer detection, the identification and analysis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells are particularly significant. THz waves interact uniquely with the intrinsic properties of MCF-7 cells, making THz-based biosensors ideal candidates for diagnostic tools. However, many existing sensors are limited in key performance areas, including operating bandwidth and absorption efficiency. This study introduces a novel multi-band metamaterial (MTM)-based biosensor specifically designed for the detection of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The sensor features a compact geometry composed of multiple resonators made from 200-nm-thick aluminum (Al) layers on a 50-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. With dimensions of only 198 × 198 μm², the proposed device is exceptionally compact. It operates in the 0.5 THz to 1.6 THz frequency range and achieves near-perfect absorption rates (>99%) across multiple bandwidths. These results are achieved through precise tuning of the sensor's geometry and architectural optimization, significantly enhancing its sensitivity for cancer detection. Comprehensive validation of the sensor is performed using full-wave electromagnetic analysis, which includes evaluating electric and magnetic field distributions, surface currents, and scattering parameters. Extensive benchmarking demonstrates the device’s superior performance compared to state-of-the-art biosensors, excelling in metrics such as quality-factor, figure of merit (FOM), and absorption efficiency. Additionally, the proposed sensor has been integrated into an MWI system to evaluate its practical application. The device successfully discriminated against subtle changes in the refractive index of biological tissues, confirming its ability to detect MCF-7 cells effectively. These findings highlight the sensor's suitability as a non-invasive, early-stage diagnostic tool for breast cancer.

In this paper, we propose a novel MIMO antenna array configuration that incorporates metamaterial isolation surfaces to enhance overall performance. We demonstrate that the directivity of this antenna array can be precisely electronically reconfigured using PIN diode switches. Additionally, we show the feasibility of integrating solar panels with the proposed MIMO antenna array. Adopting solar panels in 5G base stations is expected to reduce dependency on traditional grid power sources, thereby decreasing energy usage and operational expenses, and supporting the goal of achieving net-zero emissions in communication systems. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled equalizer in mitigating degradation in channel capacity caused by signal power fluctuations, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. We demonstrate multifaceted benefits of combining these technologies.

A low form-factor design of an eight-element antenna array is presented for 5G mm-wave MIMO applications. The design features modified circular patch radiators that achieve an impedance bandwidth of 2.6 GHz, covering frequencies from 37.7 to 40.3 GHz. The radiating elements are strategically arranged on opposite sides of a common substrate and interleaved to significantly reduce mutual coupling between adjacent elements. This innovative technique effectively minimizes coupling between the array’s radiators without the need of a decoupling structure. The MIMO antenna is fabricated on a low-loss Rogers-5880 substrate, with a thickness of 0.8 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and a loss tangent of 0.0009, ensuring minimal signal loss and confirming the accuracy of simulation results. The inter-element isolation exceeds 25 dB, and the array provides a gain greater than 6 dBi, with a peak gain of 7.5 dBi at 39 GHz. This high gain enhances the antenna’s ability to mitigate atmospheric attenuation at higher frequencies, making it highly suitable for 5G mm-wave applications.