Purpose: The prime factor in determining the success of reimplantation of an avulsed tooth is the maintenance of the viability of periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (PDFC). This study aims to evaluate and compare Mc Carey Kaufman media (MK), Cornisol, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and distilled water in preserving the viability of the PDFC using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8). Methods: Cryopreserved PDFC were suspended in DMEM and incubated in CO₂ incubator at 370C with 95% humidity and 5% CO₂ for attachment. Once cells attained 80% confluence, they were trypsinised and passed into T-25 culture flasks to expand the culture population. Cells from passage 5 were pooled for experimentation. Trypan blue exclusion test was performed before each experiment to measure cell viability and batches showing more than 95% viability were used in the experiment. The viable PDFC with 1× 105 were seeded in 96 well plates and incubated in CO₂ incubator at 370C, 95% humidity and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours to allow cell attachment. A 100μL of the experimental media were added in the wells and the cells were exposed for 1, 24 and 48 hours respectively. The viability was determined using the CCK-8. Experiment was performed in triplicates and data was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA, ANOVA, and post-hoc Bonferroni test with the significance level p< 0.05. The values are as follows: MK (1.3146 ± 0.0588, 1.9012± 0.0511, 2.0723± 0.1211) > Cornisol (1.2399± 0.0548, 1.9596± 0.0652, 1.9592± 0.1361) >DMEM (1.1914± 0.0691, 1.8479± 0.0116, 2.0718± 0.0795) > HBSS (0.3665± 0.0814, 0.0184± 0.0010, 0.0248± 0.0042) >distilled water (0.0122± 0.0033, 0.0225± 0.0085, 0.0104± 0.0008) at 1 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours respectively. MK >Cornisol>DMEM>HBSS>distilled water. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the corneal preservation solutions showed promising results in preserving periodontal ligament cell viability for extended time periods.

Objective: To compare the fluoride release from Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), Resin Modified GIC (RMGIC), and Cention N Alkasite Material. Material and Methods: Forty- five disc-shaped specimens of three different restorative materials (Conventional GIC, RMGIC, and Alkasite material) were made and divided into 3 groups (n=15). Fluoride release was evaluated at the end of Day 1, 7, 14, and Day 28 using fluoride ion-selective electrode. Intergroup and Intra-group analysis was done using One-way ANOVA with a Post-hoc test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Cention showed more fluoride release (in parts per million) than GIC and RMGIC at increased time duration. However, at the end of day 1, there was lesser fluoride release with Cention, as compared with the other groups. Conclusion: The new Alkasite restorative material showed promising results in terms of fluoride release and is better than GIC and RMGIC at increased time duration.

Objective: To compare the color stability of Cention N, Fuji IX GP Extra, and Fuji IX GP after thermocycling. Material and Methods: Ten discs of each material of dimension 10 x 1 mm were prepared using a split mold. The preparations of the specimens were done according to the powder/liquid ratio as recommended by the manufacturers [4.6:1, 3.4:1 and 3.6:1 for the groups I, II, and III, respectively]. After setting, the samples were retrieved, and the thickness of each specimen was measured using a micrometer at five different locations. The specimens with variations in thickness, porosity or cracks were discarded and thus not included in the study. The selected specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours prior to testing. The prepared specimens were thermocycled at 5°C and 55°C, with a dwell time of 15 seconds for 250 or 500 cycles. Subsequently, the color parameters of the discs were measured using a spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using two way ANOVA test, and a p-value <0.001 was considered. Results: Thermocycling resulted in changes in the color of both Glass Ionomer cement and Cention N (p<0.001). Among the materials tested, Cention N showed superior color stability. Conclusion: Cention N exhibited better color stability compared to Glass ionomer cements.

The use of resin-based dental composites is multiplying through the years due to the increased demand for tooth-colored restorations. The choice of monomers strongly determines the viscosity, reactivity, mechanical property, water sorption and polymerization shrinkage of the composite material. It is desirable for all monomers to be converted into polymers (Degree of Conversion), but this does not occur clinically, resulting in a poor prognosis for restorations as well as an increase in systemic health risks. The release of monomers occurs due to erosion and degradation, as well as the release of leachable species from the restoration. The potential toxicity of free monomers to dental pulp cells is concerning. Free monomers are not only allergens but also have reported cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Various methods and practices have thus been employed to counter the ill effects of free monomer release from dental composite restorations for better safety and healthy oral cavities.

Objective: To compare the effect of Maleic acid and Irritrol (combination of Chlorhexidine & Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) irrigation on the sealing ability of Biodentine when used as root-end filling material. Material and Methods: Thirty single-rooted human premolars were subjected to standardized root canal instrumentation and were irrigated with 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) after each instrument change. Apical root resections were done by removing 3 mm of the apex at a 90° angle to the long axis of the root with a diamond bur. The root end cavity preparation was done using ultrasonic tips at a low power setting under water coolant. They were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10). Group 1 was irrigated with 7% Maleic acid, Group 2 was irrigated with Irritrol, and Group 3 was irrigated with 0.9% Saline (Control). Then, the root end cavities of all the samples were restored with Biodentine and were subjected to leakage analysis using a glucose filtration test. The mean values for each group were calculated and the obtained data was statistically analysed using ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test, ANOVA with post-hoc Games-Howell test and repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results: The specimens irrigated with Irritrol showed least microleakage as compared to 7% Maleic acid and 0.9% Saline. Conclusion: A regimen involving irrigation of the root-end cavity with Irritrol followed by root-end filling with Biodentine can improve the apical seal.

Introduction: Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) has emerged as a promising nonthermal technology for antimicrobial disinfection and tissue modulation in dentistry. Its reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) facilitate the destruction of microorganisms, the disruption of biofilms, and the biomodulation of cells and tissues without causing thermal harm. The lack of translation into clinical practice despite the large number of in vitro investigations calls for a thorough synthesis of the available data. Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAPP across dental applications based on preclinical (in vitro and animal) and clinical studies. Materials and Methods: This review was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD420251154333) and adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria encompassed in vitro, ex vivo, animal, and human studies employing CAPP or plasma‐activated liquids (PALs) for dental applications. Outcomes included antimicrobial efficacy, remineralization, bond strength, wound healing, and safety. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Consistent antibacterial, remineralizing, and bonding‐enhancing effects were shown in in vitro tests, along with significant increases in fibroblast proliferation and wound healing capability. Long‐term exposure safety and a decrease in alveolar bone loss, peri‐implant bacterial load, and periodontal inflammation were validated by in vivo investigations. No cytotoxic or carcinogenic effects were reported. Conclusions: Evidence from included studies, which were predominantly preclinical, suggests that CAPP demonstrates antimicrobial, bonding, remineralization, and regenerative potential with a favorable safety profile. However, clinical evidence is limited to a single short‐term randomized trial. Therefore, conclusions regarding routine clinical application remain preliminary, and further well‐designed clinical studies are required.