Probiotics, known to be live microorganisms, have been shown to improve or restore the gut microbiota, which in turn has been linked to improved health. It is believed that probiotics are the modern equivalent of a panacea, with claims that they may treat or prevent different diseases both in children and adults (e.g., from colic in babies to cardiovascular disease, respiratory infection, and cancer in adults). Ever since the early 2000s, probiotic-based fermented foods have had a resurgence in popularity, mostly due to claims made regarding their health benefits. Fermented foods have been associated with the prevention of irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, gastroenteritis, and obesity, but also other conditions such as chronic diarrhea, allergies, dermatitis, and bacterial and viral infections, all of which are closely related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome/microbiota science have given us new research directions for probiotics. The new types, mechanisms, and applications studied so far, and those currently under study, have a great potential to change scientific understanding of probiotics’ nutritional applications and human health care. The expansion of fields related to the study of the microbiome and the involvement of probiotics in its improvement foreshadow an era of significant changes. An expanding range of candidate probiotic species is emerging that can address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches and host targets. In the probiotic field, new variants of microbiome-modulating interventions are being developed, including prebiotics, symbiotics, postbiotics, microbial consortia, live biotherapeutic products, and genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibers, and fermented foods to ensure human health. This manuscript aims to analyze recent, emerging, and anticipated trends in probiotics (sources, doses, mechanism of action, diseases for which probiotics are administered, side effects, and risks) and create a vision for the development of related areas of influence in the field.

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is an uncommon but fatal cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with an incidence of 0.01%–0.2%. Endoscopically, it is characterized by circumferential or diffuse black pigmentation of the esophageal mucosa, conditioned by mucosal necrosis. Risk factors include gender (male), advanced age, cardiovascular disease, hemodynamic insufficiency, alcohol consumption, diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition, kidney disease, and trauma. Diagnosis is based on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Treatment of AEN consists of intravenous fluids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), sucralfate, parenteral nutrition, and antacids. We report a rare case from our hospital, emphasizing the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention in case management. A 64-year-old man with a history of heavy drinking was hospitalized for severe bleeding (melena) caused by a condition called acute esophageal necrosis. He underwent an emergency procedure to examine his esophagus (EGD) and found significant damage. This case illustrates a rare etiology of AEN due to active alcohol consumption that may be overlooked. The early recognition of this clinical entity is an essential factor in the therapeutic management of the disease.

Background and Objectives: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with a complex pathophysiology that continues to challenge effective long-term disease management. Rosacea is characterized by immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, neurovascular dysfunction, and impaired epidermal barrier integrity, while current therapeutic options remain limited. Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) is a phytochemically rich medicinal plant with reported anti-inflammatory and dermo-reparative properties. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using the PubMed database. Studies published from 2020 onward evaluating sea buckthorn extracts, oils, or isolate bioactive compounds in the in vitro, in vivo, and limited clinical contexts were included, with emphasis on rosacea relevant mechanisms. Results: Twenty-six studies show that sea buckthorn compounds modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular and immune responses, and barrier function in preclinical models. They consistently reduce pro-inflammatory mediators, improve barrier integrity, and attenuate immune or vascular activation, suggesting potential benefits for inflammatory skin disorders such as rosacea. Conclusions: Hippophae rhamnoides shows promising anti-inflammatory and skin-repairing effects that may benefit patients with rosacea. However, most evidence comes from preclinical studies, and clinical data specifically for rosacea are limited. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness in treating this condition.