Revisiting the long-debated question: “What is Islamic architecture?”, this research article aims to explore the identity of “Islamic architecture (IA)” in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) as well as the novel opportunities and cultural challenges associated with applying AI techniques, such as the machine learning of Midjourney in the context of IA. It investigates the impact factors of AI technologies on the understanding and interpretation of traditional Islamic architectural principles, especially architectural design processes. This article employs a quantitative research methodology, including the observation of works of artists and architectural designers appearing in the mass media in light of a literature review and critical analysis of scholarly debates on Islamic architecture, spanning from historical perspectives to contemporary discussions. The article argues for the emergence of a continuous paradigm shift from what is commonly known as “postmodern Islamic architecture” (PMIA) into “artificial intelligence Islamic architecture” (AIIA), as coined by the authors of this article. It identifies the following impact factors of AI on IA: (1) particular requirements and sensitivities, inaccuracies, and biases, (2) human touch, unique craftsmanship, and a deep understanding of cultural issues, (3) regional variation, (4) translation, (5) biases in sources, (6) previously used terms and expressions, and (7) intangible values. The significance of this research in digital heritage lies in the fact that there are no pre-existing theoretical publications on the topic of “Islamic architecture in the age of artificial intelligence”, although an extensive set of publications interpreting the question of the definition of Islamic architecture, in general, is found. This article is pivotal in analyzing this heritage-inspired design approach in light of former criticism of the definition of “Islamic architecture”, which could benefit both theorists and practitioners. This theoretical article is the first in a series of two sequential articles in the Buildings journal; the second (practical) article is an analytical evaluation of the Midjourney architectural virtual lab, defining major current limits in AI-generated representations of Islamic architectural heritage.

The mosques of Bengal exhibit a unique decorative style, representing diverse ornamentation on both interior and exterior facades. This diversity reflects the varied backgrounds of the artisans, culminating in what can be termed 'Bengali style' emerging from external influences and local Bengali traditions. This style spread along the ancient Bengal region during the sultanate period 944-1538; including present West Bengal and Bangladesh. This research, based on field studies and observation in Kolkata, Malda, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh, aims to identify the aesthetic features in Bengal sultanate mosques connected to a specific mode of decoration: the employment of terracotta tiles. Employing a chronological study backed by statistics, the research seeks to address questions about the terracotta tiles’ properties, artistic origins, techniques used, and the impact of geographical and cultural variables on its diversity. Furthermore, an attempt is made to propose approximate dates for five mosques with uncertain dates based on their artistic style properties.