This article discusses the implementation of a hybrid renewable-energy system to satisfy the electricity requirements of a building. The analysis is based on optimization calculations performed using HOMER software. The components of the simulated hybrid renewable-energy system include photovoltaics, generators powered by biogas, converters and a grid. The input data utilized by the HOMER software are derived from measurements and surveys. The electric load curve is obtained through measurements at the location of the case study. Through surveys, parameters pertaining to the components of the hybrid renewable-energy system were gathered. The analysis was carried out using two sensitivity variables, namely electricity price and grid reliability. On the basis of these two sensitivity variables, optimal system configuration, net present cost, energy cost, return on investment, internal rate of return and payback period were analysed. The results of the analysis indicated that reducing subsidies, which results in higher electricity prices, provided opportunities for economically competitive hybrid renewable-energy systems. With electricity prices of US$0.094/kWh, the return of investment and the internal rate of return increased to 15% and 19%, respectively, and the payback period decreased to 5.3 years. When a hybrid renewable-energy system is implemented in regions with low grid reliability, the same phenomenon occurs.

Coal contributed 303 million tons of CO₂ (49% of total emissions) in Indonesia in 2021. The Indonesian government plans to retire all coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. Nuclear power plants (NPPs) have low CO₂ emissions. This research aims to analyze the status of the nuclear program and examine the opportunities and challenges of NPPs in supporting net-zero emissions. The method used is a literature study of national positions and a simulation of the use of NPPs with the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) up to 2060. The Business as Usual (BaU) scenario still relies on CFPPs. The retired CFPP scenario consists of NPP utilization of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. It was found that the national position of Indonesia is in phase 1 (considering), because legally there is no policy on the use of NPPs in laws, the National Development Plan, or energy policies. A Nuclear Energy Program Implementation Organization (NEPIO) has not yet been established. The simulation results conclude that with limited renewable energy potential, NPPs have the opportunity to fulfill electricity production needs and reduce CO₂ emissions significantly. The challenge of using NPPs is the increasing production and investment costs of electricity that come along with the increase in the use of NPPs.

Greenhouse gas emissions, including CO₂ emissions, are an issue in the energy sector that must be addressed urgently. The energy sector, including electricity, has been given a global aim of net zero emissions (NZE). This article examines three scenarios for reaching net-zero emissions in power supply. These scenarios are baseline, NZE1, and NZE2. The baseline scenario represents power plant capacity planning based on existing regulations in the base year. The net zero emissions consisting of the NZE1 and NZE2 scenarios aim to achieve net zero emissions by 2060. The NZE1 and NZE2 scenarios differ in the usage of nuclear power plant technology. The NZE1 scenario employs advanced costs for small modular reactors and large reactors technology, whilst the NZE2 scenario employs the low cost of small modular reactors and large reactors. The three scenarios were implemented and examined using the low emissions analysis platform software. The analytical results demonstrate that the NZE1 and NZE2 scenarios can meet the net zero emission objective by 2058. The baseline scenario results in power plant capacity planning with an average annual CO₂ emission growth rate of 3.58%. On the other hand, the baseline scenario has the lowest investment expenses, at only 44 billion USD.

This study proposes a model based on mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) for the integrated expansion planning of generation and transmission systems with the implementation of distributed generation (DG). Most DG planning takes place after generation and transmission planning has been conducted. This model can be used to include DG potential simultaneously with generation and transmission expansion. DG is modelled as a negative load therefore DG is treated as a non-dispatchable unit of power generation. The objective of the model is to minimize overall cost including the investment cost of the generation units, DG units, and transmission lines, and the operating cost of the generation and DG units. The proposed model is static-deterministic model in the form of MILP. The model was evaluated using the 6-bus Garver’s test. To prove the effectiveness of the model, it was evaluated using the IEEE 46 Bus Test. The results show that due to the impact of DG on power system expansion planning ,the overall cost was reduced. The simulation results also show that a different optimal network configuration can be achieved by DG implementation in expansion planning. Copyright © 2018 The Authors - Published by Praise Worthy Prize under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all activities, including the electricity supply. As a developing nation, Indonesia is also severely affected by the diversion of significant resources to combat Covid-19. On the other hand, Indonesia is committed to reducing emissions in the energy sector, which includes implementing renewable energy technologies to provide electricity. This article examines the effect of the post-covid-19 pandemic situation on the implementation of renewable energy in the electricity supply. The case study examined is the electricity supply in the province of Yogyakarta, which obtains its electricity from outside the province but has multiple forms of renewable energy that can be optimized in the electricity supply. There are three scenarios discussed: the current target scenario, the lower target scenario, and the supply security scenario. The current target scenario includes predetermined renewable energy goals. The lower target scenario is used to characterize Covid-19's impact on the implementation of renewable energy. The supply security scenario is the most optimistic, as it optimizes the use of renewable energy in the electricity supply while ignoring the impact of the co-19 pandemic. The current target scenario is used as a benchmark against which the other two scenarios are compared. Comparing the lower target scenario to the current target scenario, the lower target scenario results in 9.6% lower capital costs and 4.1% higher greenhouse gas emissions. The least greenhouse gas emissions are produced by the supply security scenario, but the capacity costs are the highest.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy-Based Distributed Generation