Electric vehicles (EVs) are a recognized solution for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing oil dependency, especially in Indonesia. Existing studies have explored the economic impact, challenges, and opportunities of EV adoption separately, lacking a holistic analysis. This study addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive assessment of the economic implications, challenges, and opportunities of EV adoption in Indonesia through a systematic literature review of 65 peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and reputable publications from 2016 to 2024. The document analysis involved keyword-based literature selection, content analysis of economic metrics, and synthesis into key thematic areas. The findings reveal that EV sales in Indonesia have been rising annually, influenced by cost, driving range, environmental impact, technological features, charging infrastructure, battery, and government policies and incentives. EV adoption has positively impacted Indonesia’s GDP, attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), created jobs, and reduced fuel consumption and imports. However, several challenges persist, including high EV costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, societal readiness, battery replacement costs and waste management, and limited model variety. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist in the form of market growth, FDI from nickel resources, energy security, job creation, and industrial expansion. Recommendations for creating a conducive EV ecosystem are provided for relevant stakeholders.

Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the Calophyllum inophyllum as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed Calophyllum inophyllum-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude Calophyllum inophyllum and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterification. The results are indeed encouraging and satisfy ASTM D6751. CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but low kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm²/s) due to change a higher proportion of shorter-chain and unsaturated FAMEs, which tend to lower viscosity compared to Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester (CIME).). The blended fuels exhibit higher brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and NO_x emissions, along with lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced CO and HC emissions compared to diesel fuel across the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other blends fuel ratios.

Electric vehicles (EVs) emerged as a help for Indonesia as a pathway to address environmental challenges related to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. Despite governmental efforts, including Presidential Regulation No. 55/2019, EV adoption rates in Indonesia remain low, although sales are increasing annually due to limited charging infrastructure, high upfront costs, and consumer perception. This study distinguishes itself from previous research by moving beyond a singular focus on policy, adoption factors, barriers, or economic opportunities. Instead, it integrates these dimensions into a cohesive analysis while placing particular emphasis on government policies. By adopting this multidimensional approach, the study presents a nuanced understanding of EV adoption in Indonesia, exploring not only the drivers, challenges, and economic potential but also the tangible benefits of EV manufacturing and usage for both producers and consumers within the current regulatory framework. It highlights the transformative impacts of EV adoption on key areas such as job creation, GDP expansion, and energy security, offering strategic insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders. Future research could explore rural infrastructure development, local battery production impacts, and long-term economic implications of EV in Indonesia’s ecosystem.

Coal contributed 303 million tons of CO₂ (49% of total emissions) in Indonesia in 2021. The Indonesian government plans to retire all coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. Nuclear power plants (NPPs) have low CO₂ emissions. This research aims to analyze the status of the nuclear program and examine the opportunities and challenges of NPPs in supporting net-zero emissions. The method used is a literature study of national positions and a simulation of the use of NPPs with the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) up to 2060. The Business as Usual (BaU) scenario still relies on CFPPs. The retired CFPP scenario consists of NPP utilization of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. It was found that the national position of Indonesia is in phase 1 (considering), because legally there is no policy on the use of NPPs in laws, the National Development Plan, or energy policies. A Nuclear Energy Program Implementation Organization (NEPIO) has not yet been established. The simulation results conclude that with limited renewable energy potential, NPPs have the opportunity to fulfill electricity production needs and reduce CO₂ emissions significantly. The challenge of using NPPs is the increasing production and investment costs of electricity that come along with the increase in the use of NPPs.