A new class of Schiff base/ester compounds: ICln, 4-((2′-chlorophenylimino)methyl)phenyl-4″-alkoxy benzoates, were synthesized and their mesophase characteristics and thermal behavior were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study mesophase transitions, and polarized optical microscopy was carried out to identify the phases (POM). The results show that all compounds are monomorphic, and enantiotropic nematic (N) phases were seen at all side chains. It was found that lateral Cl atoms in the terminal benzene ring influence both conformation and mesomorphic properties. Comparisons between the present investigated lateral Cl derivatives and their laterally neat, as well as their isomeric, compounds have been briefly discussed. Results revealed that the insertion of lateral Cl substituent in the molecular structure impacts the type and stability of the formed mesophases. The exchanges of the ester-connecting moiety improve their thermal nematic stability than their previously prepared structurally isomeric derivatives. These compounds exhibit a broad absorption in the UV-Visible region, including a peak in UV region and a tail around 550 nm, and there were observed to be absorption tail increases and energy band gap decreases with the increase of the alkoxy side chain length. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity was noted to be quenched for the bulky alkoxy group ascribed to non-radiative recombination through the defect states. Moreover, time resolved fluorescence decay spectra reveal that both the radiative and non-radiative recombination lifetime increases with the increase of alkoxy side chain length.

In this study, 4-Biphenyle-4′-alkyloxybenzenamines were synthesized as a homologous series of liquid crystals based on the biphenyl moiety. Their mesomorphic and optical properties were examined for both pure and mixed components. Elemental analysis, NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to determine the molecular structures of the developed materials. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the mesophase transitions were studied, and polarized optical microscopy was used to identify the textures of the mesophases (POM). The obtained results showed that all compounds are dimorphic and only have smectic B (SmB) and smectic A (SmA) phases for all terminal side chains, which are enantiotropic. With variably proportionated terminal side chains and a focus on the mesomorphic temperature range, binary phase diagrams were constructed and an induced smectic C phase was achieved (SmC). It was found that terminal chain length affects both conformation and steric impact in the mixed states. The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of pure as well as their binary mixtures liquid crystalline films were recorded to investigate the optical and photophysical properties. It was noted that, with the increase in alkyl chain length, the energy bandgap increases from 3.24 eV (for C₆H₁₃) to 3.37 eV (for C₁₆H₃₃) and charge carrier lifetime decreases, ascribing to the increase in stearic hindrance causing, consequently, the faster decay of charge carriers.

The greenhouse gas CH₄ is more potent than CO_2, although both these gases are solely responsible for global warming. The efficient catalytic conversion of CH₄ into hydrogen-rich syngas, which also demonstrates economic viability, can deplete the concentration of CH₄. This study examines the partial oxidation of methane (POM) prepared by the wetness impregnation process using 5% Ni supported over DSZ95 (93.3% ZrO₂ + 6.7% Sc₂O₃) and promoted with 1% Ga (gallium), 1% Sr (strontium), and 1% Ce (cerium). These catalysts are characterized by surface area porosity, X-ray diffraction, FT-Infrared spectroscopy, Raman infrared spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, CO₂ temperature-programmed techniques, desorption techniques, thermogravimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization results demonstrate that Ni is appropriate for the POM because of its crystalline structure, improved metal support contact, and increased thermal stability with Sr, Ce, and Ga promoters. The synthesized catalyst 5Ni+1Ga-DSZ95 maintained stability for 240 min on stream during the POM at 700 °C. Adding a 1% Ga promoter and active metal Ni to the DSZ95 improved the CH₄ conversion from 70.00% to 75.90% and raised the H₂ yield from 69.21% to 74.80%, while maintaining the reactants’ stoichiometric ratio of (CH₄:O₂ = 2:1). The 5Ni+1Ga-DSZ95 catalyst is superior to the other catalysts, given its rich catalyst surface, strong metal support interaction, high surface area and low amount of carbon deposit. The high H₂/CO ratio (>2.6) and H₂ yield close to 75% indicate that 5Ni+1Ga-DSZ95 is a potent industrial catalyst for hydrogen-rich syngas production through partial oxidation of methane.

In this study, the use of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) was employed to pinpoint the sources of human activity that cause detrimental impacts on the coastal environment and river ecosystems. LABs were detected using GC–MS in sediment samples assembled from Kim Kim River (KKR) and the Port Dickson coast (PDC). To assess the significance of variations in the distribution and concentrations of LABs across the sampling sites, this study utilized several statistical techniques such as post hoc tests, LSD techniques, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Pearson correlation coefficient using a significance level of p < 0.05. The degradation levels of LABs and wastewater treatment were assessed in the study using internal congeners (I/E), homologs of C¹³ and C¹², and long-to-short-chain (L/S) ratios. The results revealed that the LAB concentrations varied between 88.3 and 112 ng/g dw in KKR and 119 to 256 ng/g dw in the PDC. Most of the surveyed areas exhibited a substantial count of C¹³–LABs homologs that displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05). The I/E ratios ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 in KKR and from 2.0 to 4.1 in the PDC, suggesting that the effluents originated from sources associated with the physical phase and biological phase in wastewater treatment systems (WWTSs). The results revealed that the degradation of LABs varied between 34% and 38% in KKR and between 40% and 64% in the PDC. This study underscores the importance of ongoing improvements to WWTSs and emphasizes the potential of LABs as indicators for monitoring wastewater contamination.

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of the methanol extracts from Jasmine flowers. Employing a combination of advanced techniques, including Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and antioxidant activity assays, the research uncovered key insights into the bioactive potential of Jasmine. The GC-MS analysis identified nine distinct compounds, including major constituents, such as 2-Phenylthiolane (44.12%), Cyclohexene, 3-ethenyl- (25.88%), Acetaldehyde (12.70%), and N-Methylallylamine (10.31%) among others. The FTIR spectra revealed significant functional groups, including O-H and C-C stretches, suggesting the presence of phenolic compounds. The SEM imaging highlighted the morphological changes in the Jasmine flower powder, showing expanded oil glands post-pre-treatment, which enhanced the oil extraction process. The methanol extract exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These findings position Jasmine flowers as a promising natural source of phytochemicals, particularly antioxidants, with potential for further pharmacological and industrial applications. Future studies could focus on isolating and evaluating additional bioactive compounds for their therapeutic potential.