Municipal management involves making decisions on various technical issues, and one such crucial aspect is the multicriteria decision-making process. When choosing suitable locations for wastewater treatment plants, it becomes necessary to consider a range of factors such as technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental impact, ecological aspects, and management requirements. However, evaluating these criteria and dealing with uncertainties can be complex. To address this challenge in the Tabuk region, a combination of two powerful analytical methods, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and geographical information system (GIS), were employed. The FAHP methodology allows for considering uncertainties and subjective judgements, while GIS provides spatial analysis capabilities. By combining FAHP and GIS, a thorough evaluation of potential wastewater treatment plant locations was conducted by determining the relative weights for each geospatial parameter. These weights were then used to generate a suitability map, visually representing the most favourable areas for site selection. The FAHP analysis resulted in higher importance given to the treatment plant’s distance to urban areas, followed by the distance to roads among the seven investigated parameters. The integrated FAHP-GIS model results show that the western parts of the region are most suitable for constructing wastewater treatment plants. These findings are valuable in facilitating multicriteria decision-making for identifying the optimum site in the area. In summary, integrating FAHP and GIS in the assessment process enables decision-makers to consider various technical, economic, environmental, ecological, and management aspects, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for site selection that can be replicated in other regions with different conditions. This approach enhances the decision-making process in municipal management and promotes more informed and effective planning in the Tabuk region.

Wind power is unsteady due to the stochastic nature of wind. Pumped storage is a reliable technology for hydropower storage and generation. This paper aims to regulate wind power with a pumped storage facility by designing a mathematical model of a stand-alone wind-driven pumped storage. The available wind continuously pumps water to a high-elevation upper reservoir, while electricity is generated per demand. A case study was developed in eastern Sudan, and results show that wind energy can be regulated using pumped storage. The scheme had a 71% roundtrip efficiency, with a monthly energy yield of 23 GWh sufficient to support the whole population of the Red Sea State in Sudan. This result indicates the good potential of a wind-driven pumped storage system to deliver continuous electricity using intermittent wind. Such a scheme will benefit the developing countries in Africa, where the requirements of this system are easily found.

Integration of renewable energy sources in the national grid is a promising approach of solving grid problems such as power losses and shortage of supply in Sudan. The implementation of Photovoltaic (PV) power plants is expected to cover a wide range of rural areas and developing regions in Sudan in the upcoming years. This paper will serve as an introduction towards localizing the inverters industry in Sudan, both in terms of design and manufacturing. This shall be done by reviewing the inverters designs in order to find a suitable design that can be implemented in Sudan. Then, the paper will discuss the challenges and opportunities of localizing medium voltage inverters industry in Sudan. The project's results are expected to contribute towards manufacturing low-cost and high quality electric inverters in Sudan, which will reflect in the seamless integration of the PV stations as well as increase the efficiency and reliability, and elevate total power capacity of the grid.

Optimising wind farm site selection process is a multi-criteria decision-Making problem, particularly in developing countries characterised by competing sustainable development objectives. This research develops a systems thinking approach to evaluate wind farm site suitability, combining fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to support energy infrastructure planning and optimisation under low-to-moderate wind conditions. Five main criteria with eight spatial parameters were identified as relevant to the case studies in Sudan, including system requirements, expected performance and impacts. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the influence of parameter classification on suitability outcomes. The FAHP results prioritise the technical and environmental criteria over economic, geographic, and social considerations. Among the parameters, land use and capacity factor ranked more dominant in wind site selection. The sensitivity analysis revealed evident variation in suitability distributions when parameters are assessed within different criteria. This highlights the importance of systems-thinking analysis of each parameter under all evaluation criteria. Spatial analysis identified more than 50% of land in the representative districts as highly suitable for wind farm installation under a systems thinking evaluation. If utilised, these areas can meet and potentially exceed current energy consumption in Sudan using a 100% wind energy system. The study findings highlight the feasibility of decentralised wind energy systems in low-wind regions and resource-constrained settings. Subsequently, recommending the development of wind turbine technologies optimised for lower wind speeds. Such a solution will support energy equity, reduce reliance on centralised grid infrastructure, and enable sustainable socio-economic development through localised, resilient energy systems.