Objective: We aimed to investigate the serum concentrations of vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and healthy controls. Materials and methods: Serum vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations were measured in 118 children (48 children diagnosed with ADHD, 35 children diagnosed with ASD and 35 healthy controls). Symptom severity in the ADHD and ASD groups was evaluated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and Turgay-DSM-IV-Based Screening and Assessment Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effects of diagnosis and gender on biochemical parameters. Results: The ADHD and ASD groups and the healthy controls differed significantly regarding vitamin B12 and homocysteine concentrations, but not folate levels. Patients with ASD had the lowest vitamin B12 and the highest homocysteine levels. Vitamin B12 levels correlated negatively with hyperactivity and/orimpulsivity and oppositionality symptoms in children with ADHD. There were no relationships between psychometric evaluations and laboratory measurements in children with ASD. Gender did not affect vitamin concentrations. Conclusion: Previous studies found that vitamin B12 was reduced while homocysteine was elevated among patients with ADHD and ASDs. Our results also support those reported previously. Oppositionality and hyperactivity and/orimpulsivity may be related to vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in children with ADHD. Further studies are required to define the role of these parameters and effects on the etiology and clinical manifestations of ASD and ADHD.

Exposure to cigarette smoke leads to an increase in oxidative stress within the body, resulting in both an elevated oxidant burden and a compromised antioxidant defense system. This imbalance creates a significant risk factor for various diseases by promoting cellular damage, inflammation, and toxicity. The oxidants present in cigarette smoke are considered the primary contributors to these pathological conditions. Supporting the antioxidant system with specific bioactive compounds may help mitigate the toxic effects caused by cigarette smoke. In this study, the effects of EGCG pre‐administration on the antioxidant system were evaluated under both acute and chronic exposure conditions to cigarette smoke. Different doses of EGCG were administered to determine its potential role in oxidative stress regulation, and histopathological examinations and antioxidant enzyme levels were assessed. The findings demonstrated that while acute EGCG administration did not significantly improve antioxidant enzyme activity, chronic administration of EGCG at a dose of 50 mg/kg effectively increased antioxidant enzyme production, reduced oxidative stress, and liver injury. In the presence of cigarette smoke, EGCG contributed to the stabilization of oxidative stress markers. However, chronic EGCG administration in the absence of oxidative stressors requires further investigation to assess its impact on other organs. EGCG appears to be a promising candidate for alleviating the adverse effects of external oxidant exposure and mitigating oxidative stress. However, its long‐term application and potential side effects in different physiological conditions should be explored further examinations. Although acute EGCG application did not enhance antioxidant enzyme levels, it unexpectedly elevated oxidative stress, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive studies to clarify its mechanisms and optimize its usage. We further identify the principal underlying mechanisms involved in this process.

Introduction: Angiogenesis (neovascularization), which means new vessel construction, is normal and physiologically, wound healing, embryogenesis, a necessary menstrual cycle it's a mechanism. When taken in appropriate amounts together with or separately with nutrients, mucosal and by regulating systemic immunity, ensuring nutritional and microbial balance in the intestines living nonpatogenic microorganisms that positively affect the health of the host it is called "probiotics". Lactic acid bacteria, the most probiotic microorganisms it constitutes its important group. Where probiotics have an effect on angiogenesis, and it is thought to help heal wounds through the road. With this research indicated that roles of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on angiogenesis if present to demonstrate in vitro methods and the gene expression responsible for the formation of these effects it is intended to reveal. Material and Method: This study is an experimental study conducted in vitro human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) MTT test in cell culture with (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Thiazolyl blue) evaluation of viability and proliferation wound healing model, tube formation method and gene expression with real rime-polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods of appointment were used. Results: HUVEC cells L. acidophilus 10⁹ CFU\ml after extract application statistical of mRNA expression of VEGF and FGF genes by control group 24 per hour it was found to increase significantly. L. rhamnosus 10 6 CFU\ml and 109 CFU\ml after application of extracts VEGF gene mRNA by control group 24 per hour its expression was found to be statistically significantly increased. Also L. rhamnosus extracts cell proliferation and migration of in vitro wound model it was found to increase statistically significantly. Conclusion: In this study, in vitro L. acidophilus 10⁹ CFU\ml extract and 10⁶ CFU\ml and 10⁹ CFU\ml extract of L. rhamnosus, VEGF gene mRNA revealed to be effective on angiogenesis in HUVEC cells by increasing expression it is.

Infectious diseases are lately considered as one of the most important global risks which negatively impact not only the health but also the economy of countries. Globalization influences spread of infectious diseases as a result of new patterns of human travel and increased human interaction. Thus, in the new world, it is very important to prevent and diagnose the new infectious diseases by using accurate and quick diagnostic methods. Bio-detection dogs have a great potential to accurately diagnose infectious disease as they have a great ability to discriminate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are specific to disease. This review discusses the potential use of bio-detection dogs in prevention and diagnosing of infectious disease. Moreover, factors affecting the scent of disease, i.e. VOCs, are tried to be highlighted. Keywords: Bio-detection dogs, diagnosis, infectious disease, volatile organic compound (VOC)

Objective: In recent years, the rate of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to be a marker of systemic inflammation and is associated with prognosis in many diseases like malignancies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Based on previous studies, there is not any finding that the NLR and cellular morphological mechanism studied together in inflammation-related diseases; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders(ASD). We assessed the effect and association of these parameters on the etiopathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Material and Method: 30 healthy and 30 patients who were diagnosed with ADHD and ASD were evaluated in the psychiatry department at a tertiary hospital. In whole groups, the hemogram profile have been analyzed. NLR number was statistically compared. However, the apoptotic stage of cells were stained with 2 different methods. Apoptotic mechanisms of ADHD, ASD and control group were comparably displayed. Results: NLR values in patients diagnosed with ADHD and ASD were significantly higher compare to control; lymphocyte count was found significantly lower level in patient groups. Apoptotic morphology becomes evident as the degree of disease increment. Conclusion: This parameter can be used as an easily applicable method is estimated to be at risk for psychiatric diseases. The positive association of NLR with apoptotic imaging indicates a marker of cellular degradation with neurodegenerative disorders.

In this study, the synthesis of dimeric disulfide-Schiff bases was carried out using two methods. The structures of the obtained Schiff bases were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analysis. The Schiff base derivative compounds (3a-6) were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant microorganisms using microdilution method. All the tested compounds showed varying inhibition zones against the pathogens. According to MIC results, the compound 2 was shown strong inhibitory activity against all the tested microorganisms compared to antibiotics. In addition, all the tested compounds showed different antiproliferative effects on the melanoma cell line (B16F10). Our synthesized dimeric disulfide-Schiff bases have shown significant various effects.