Background/Objectives: The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary model that can impact metabolic health and microbiota and has been widely discussed in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week KD on biochemical parameters, gut microbiota, and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in women with overweight/obesity. Methods: Overall, 15 women aged 26–46 years were included in this study. Blood samples, fecal samples, and anthropometric measurements were evaluated at the beginning and end of this study. Results: After KD, the mean body mass index decreased from 29.81 ± 4.74 to 27.12 ± 4.23 kg/m², and all decreases in anthropometric measurements were significant (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1C, urea, and creatinine levels decreased, whereas uric acid levels increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, increased serum zonulin levels were noted (p = 0.001), whereas fecal butyrate, propionate, acetate, and total SCFA levels decreased (p < 0.05). When the changes in microbiota composition were examined, a decrease in beta diversity (p = 0.001) was observed. After the intervention, a statistically significant increase was noted in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p = 0.001). Although Oscilibacter, Blautia, and Akkermensia relative abundances increased, Prevotella relative abundance and Bifidobacter abundance, which were the dominant genera before the KD, decreased. Moreover, the abundance of some pathogenic genera, including Escherichia, Klebsilella, and Listeria, increased. Conclusions: In healthy individuals, KD may cause significant changes in microbial composition, leading to dysbiosis and long-term adverse outcomes with changes in serum zonulin and fecal SCFA levels.

Ruminants are the unique animals with their energy conversion ability form forages to edible products. Therefore, rumen fermentation has been for long years excessively on the scope of researchers. Improvements of rumen fermentation is vital issue to meet the quality food demand grooving population of man. This review focuses on physiology and recent improvements in rumen fermentation. Ruminantlar, bitki yapısal unsurlarından oluşan kaba yemin tüketilebilir ürünlere dönüştürülmesinde eşsiz hayvanlardır. Bu nedenle, rumen fermentasyonu konusu bilim insanları tarafından uzun yıllardır yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmaktadır. Rumen fermentasyon performansında elde edilen ilerlemeler nüfusu hızla artan insanlığın kaliteli gıda ihtiyacının karşılanmasında hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu derlemede rumen fermentasyonu fizyolojisi ve son zamanlarda ki ilerlemeler ele alınmıştır.

Infectious diseases are lately considered as one of the most important global risks which negatively impact not only the health but also the economy of countries. Globalization influences spread of infectious diseases as a result of new patterns of human travel and increased human interaction. Thus, in the new world, it is very important to prevent and diagnose the new infectious diseases by using accurate and quick diagnostic methods. Bio-detection dogs have a great potential to accurately diagnose infectious disease as they have a great ability to discriminate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are specific to disease. This review discusses the potential use of bio-detection dogs in prevention and diagnosing of infectious disease. Moreover, factors affecting the scent of disease, i.e. VOCs, are tried to be highlighted. Keywords: Bio-detection dogs, diagnosis, infectious disease, volatile organic compound (VOC)

Küresel ısınma gezegenimizin bugünü ve geleceği için çok ciddi bir tehdittir. Çok sayıda faktörün sorumlu olduğu küresel ısınma sorununa ruminantlar da önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Rumen fermantasyonu sonucu oluşan önemli miktarda metan gazı (CH4) yakın gelecekte insan nüfus artışına paralel olarak ruminantların da sayısının artmasıyla çok daha etkili bir sorun olacaktır. Bu nedenle son yirmi yıldır rumen fermantasyonu sırasında metan gazı oluşumunu önlemek maksadıyla çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Özellikle ikincil bitki metabolitleri, daha önceleri yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımları yaygın olan iyonofor grubu antibiyotiklerin etkilerine benzer etkileriyle önemli bir potansiyel oluşturmaktadır. Bu derlemede rumen fermantasyonu sırasında oluşan metan gazının azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmalar incelenerek geleceğe yönelik öncelikli araştırılması gereken konular belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of two lysozyme doses (10 and 50 FIP U/mL) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations using the artificial rumen system Rusitec with an 80:20 concentrate-to-forage diet. The ruminal pH, the total number of protozoa, total and individual volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and methane (CH4) release were not significantly affected by the tested quantities of lysozyme. However, the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was significantly increased by supplementation with Lysozyme-50 (P < 0.05). The dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly higher in Lysozyme-50 than in Lysozyme-10 (P < 0.05). The total bacterial count decreased linearly in response to the addition of Lysozyme-50 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the presence of Lysozyme-50, the abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens decreased in both linear and quadratic manners (P < 0.05), and the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.05). A linear decline tendency in the cell numbers of Ruminococcus albus (P = 0.092) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.085) was observed with Lysozyme-50 treatment. These findings suggest that while core fermentation parameters such as VFA production and digestibility remained stable, the elevated ammonia nitrogen concentration may reflect reduced nitrogen utilization efficiency, particularly at high doses. Additionally, since lysozyme has limited selectivity for certain rumen bacteria within the Rusitec system, lysozyme may influence rumen microbes differently from conventional antibiotics, warranting further in vitro and in vivo studies across diverse diets and dose ranges.