A systematic strategy for effectively engineering the charge extraction in inverted structured perovskite solar cells based on CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_xis provided. An optimized power conversion efficiency of 20.5% is realized.

The unique properties and structures of metal halide perovskite materials desired for a variety of photocatalytic applications in water splitting, CO ₂ reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis.

An easily accessible photocathodic material was fabricated to realize high-efficiency water splitting. After optimizing the PEC system, the photocurrent was further amplified to −1.2 mA cm ⁻² .