Surface texturing involves creating micro-channels, micro-dimples, micro-grooving, and other surface modifications. To do this, laser and micromachining are employed on the substrate surface in addition to other methods. The surface characteristics of the Arboblend V2 Nature biodegradable polymers with laser texturing, hexagonal and square patterns, and four and six passes are shown in this study. Regardless of the texture type, Arboblend V2 Nature’s hydrophilic surface (a contact angle of less than 90°) was demonstrated by the results of the wettability test. The underlying material’s wear behavior changed as a result of the LST surface modification. The COF values increased only after six passes with both textures. On the topographical side, Arboblend V2 Nature (square and hexagonal) shows a consistent X-axis expansion in the hexagonal geometry and a considerable amount of variability in the square geometry, especially at six passes, where the Y-axis (higher depths) is more compressed. According to the results, since textured surfaces are practicable, non-biodegradable polymers from a variety of industries can be substituted.

This paper presents the research, development, and functional validation of an original rear suspension system designed for hybrid reverse trike vehicles (two guided wheels on the front axle and a twin-tire-driven assembly at the rear). Conventional configurations featuring a single rear wheel exhibit severe limitations regarding lateral stability under critical dynamic regimes and induce roll-induced torsional loading in flexible chain drives. The proposed solution utilizes a twin-tire rear assembly integrated into an articulated suspension mechanism with two degrees of freedom (2 DoF), which reconfigures the geometric stability polygon from a triangle into an isosceles trapezoid. A mathematical model based on tire dynamics and tire slip phenomena demonstrates that introducing a controlled roll stiffness on the rear axle stabilizes the slip angles, ensuring a neutral and predictable steering behavior. Structural validation via finite element analysis (FEA) performed in SOLIDWORKS Simulation on the entire assembly under a conservative combined load scenario (2400 N vertical force shared by the two wheel bearings, 2400 N lateral force, and 1200 N tractive force) indicated a minimum factor of safety of 1.26 on S275N structural steel, confirmed by an eleven-run mesh independence study. Finally, the system’s functionality was experimentally confirmed through the manufacturing and road testing of a full-scale (1:1) demonstrator vehicle powered by an 1129 cc Boxer engine, highlighting a measurable increase in rollover resistance and trouble-free operation of the two-stage chain drive throughout the test program. A numerical evaluation shows that for rear-biased vehicles of the category the proposed axle raises the rollover-related lateral acceleration threshold by up to 54% and replaces the strongly oversteering balance of the single-wheel layout with a near-neutral, tunable one.