Background/Objectives: Endocannabinoids are endogenous bioactive lipids that promote neurodevelopment and positive energy balance. Increased levels of endocannabinoids are associated with obesity, but the effect of maternal obesity on breast milk endocannabinoids across lactation is mostly unknown. Methods: Women from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) (n = 92) were followed from the third trimester of pregnancy to 119 days postpartum, and milk samples were analyzed in the postpartum days 2–8 (T1), 28–47 (T2), and 88–119 (T3). We assessed the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, leptin and insulin by immunoassay, and macronutrients by colorimetric assays in milk samples. Results: Milk AEA concentration was higher in T2 compared with T1 or T3, while 2-AG levels were higher in T2 and T3 compared with T1. Milk endocannabinoids were directly correlated with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and milk triglycerides. Triglyceride and leptin levels were higher in mature milk (T2 and T3) of women with BMI > 25 or excessive GWG. Adjusted linear regression models showed a positive association between excessive GWG and milk 2-AG (β = 1629; 95% CI: 467–2792; p = 0.008). Conclusions: The endocannabinoid levels are higher in mature milk from women with obesity or excessive GWG, which may impact offspring development and metabolism.

Ocotea, the largest genus in the Lauraceae family, encompasses numerous species of scientific interest. However, most Ocotea species have only been described morphologically. This study used an untargeted metabolomics workflow with UHPLC-HRMS and GNPS-FBMN to provide the first chemical evaluation of the polar specialized metabolites of O. delicata leaves. Leaves from three O. delicata specimens were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction with 70% ethanol. Among the examined samples, 44 metabolites, including alkaloids and flavonoids, were identified. In contrast to other Ocotea species, O. delicata has a wider diversity of kaempferol derivatives than quercetin. The biomass of the specimens showed a significant correlation with the chemical profile. The similarity among specimens was mostly determined by the concentrations of quinic acid, kaempferol glycosides, and boldine. The evaluated specimens exhibited chemical features similar to those of species classified as New World Ocotea, with the coexistence of aporphine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.

Eperua oleifera Ducke (Fabaceae), commonly known as copaíba-jacaré, is traditionally used for therapeutic purposes, like Copaifera oleoresins. Previous GC-MS studies reported its chemical composition as mainly composed of diterpenic acids, consistent with species of the same genus. Although GC-MS remains widely used for comparing compound retention times and fragmentation patterns, its application to diterpenic acids requires a derivatization step to form methyl esters due to the poor chromatographic performance of carboxylic acids on methyl silicone stationary phases. This step may lead to misinterpretations, especially considering recent findings of naturally occurring methyl esters in oleoresins that may co-elute with derivatized acids. This study aimed to apply more sensitive analytical techniques to identify both target and untargeted compounds. The resin of E. oleifera was analyzed by GC-MS to assess the presence of volatile components. Additionally, UHPLC-HRMS was employed using full-scan MS, data-dependent acquisition (DDA), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in both positive and negative ESI modes. GC-MS confirmed the absence of volatile sesquiterpenes, classifying E. oleifera as a resin. Targeted UHPLC-HRMS detected natural methyl esters of diterpenic acids, while untargeted analysis using Compound Discoverer 3.3 software revealed flavonoids and phenolic compounds not previously reported. These findings support the application of UHPLC-HRMS as a powerful tool in phytochemical studies.

Eperua oleifera Ducke (Fabaceae), commonly known as copaíba-jacaré, is traditionally used for therapeutic purposes, like Copaifera oleoresins. Previous GC-MS studies reported its chemical composition as mainly composed of diterpenic acids, consistent with species of the same genus. Although GC-MS remains widely used for comparing compound retention times and fragmentation patterns, its application to diterpenic acids requires a derivatization step to form methyl esters due to the poor chromatographic performance of carboxylic acids on methyl silicone stationary phases. This step may lead to misinterpretations, especially considering recent findings of naturally occurring methyl esters in oleoresins that may co-elute with derivatized acids. This study aimed to apply more sensitive analytical techniques to identify both target and untargeted compounds. The resin of E. oleifera was analyzed by GC-MS to assess the presence of volatile components. Additionally, UHPLC-HRMS was employed using full-scan MS, data-dependent acquisition (DDA), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in both positive and negative ESI modes. GC-MS confirmed the absence of volatile sesquiterpenes, classifying E. oleifera as a resin. Targeted UHPLC-HRMS detected natural methyl esters of diterpenic acids, while untargeted analysis using Compound Discoverer software revealed flavonoids and phenolic compounds not previously reported. These findings support the application of UHPLC-HRMS as a powerful tool in phytochemical studies.