Genistein is the natural isoflavone and a phytoestrogen with a broad range of pharmacological properties, such as tyrosine and topoisomerase inhibition. It also induces apoptosis and cell proliferation inhibition, differentiates cancer cells. Added health benefits include the reduction of osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclasts and lymphocyte functions, decreased the risk of cardiovascular attacks and relieved postmenopausal problems. Genistein traditionally used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine and are found to be associated with lower risk of breast, prostate and lung cancer. Numerous factors comprising genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations are evidenced to be responsible for breast, prostate and lung cancer. In present review, an overview on genistein, the various analytical methods and drug delivery approaches to determine genistein in the formulations are discussed. It may help to develop novel formulations with better solubility and bioavailability of genistein. The tumor cell scan may be targeted to form a stable genistein formulation.

Objective: Nanoemulsion of silymarin was developed and optimized. Materials and methods: Nanoemulsion was made by aqueous titration method. Sefsol 218 (5.8% v/v), Kolliphor RH40 and polyethylene glycol 400 (S_mix; 2:1; 28.99% v/v) were used as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant while distilled water (65.22% v/v) acted as an aqueous phase. Nanoemulsion was characterized on the basis of particle size, viscosity, electrical conductivity and refractive index. Further, in vitro release, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, stability study and cancer cell line studies were also performed. Results and discussion: The optimized formulation (NE9) with mean particle size of 21.24 nm showed a minimum viscosity of 9.59 cps, maximum drug release (97.75%) in 24 h. The NE9 formulation also showed higher AUC (p < .01) and C_max (p < .01) and shorter T_max (p < .05) compared with conventional and standard suspensions of silymarin. The stability study also showed considerably stable formulations at refrigerator temperature as compared with room temperature (p > .05). The cancer cell line studies also confirmed that silymarin nanoemulsion reduced the cell viability and increased ROS intensity and chromatin condensation (p < .05). Conclusion: Our results concluded that nanoemulsion may be an efficient carrier for oral delivery of silymarin against human hepatocellular carcinoma without damaging normal cells.

The ethanolic extracts of Spondias mangifera fruit (SMFE) were evaluated for aphrodisiac activity. The in-vitro phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibition was assessed based on in-silico molecular docking and simulation studies. In addition, the in-vivo sexual behavior was analyzed in the form of mount (MF, ML), intromission (IF, IL), and ejaculation (EF, EL) frequencies and latencies to validate the in-vitro results. Some biochemical parameters, including PDE-5, nitric oxide, and testosterone, were also observed. The above extract constituted β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, and oleanolic acid and showed tremendous binding with phosphodiesterase-5 and sildenafil. Both the sildenafil and ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) significantly (p < 0.1, p < 0.05) increased MF, IF, and EF, respectively. In contrast, ML and IL significantly (p < 0.1) decreased, and EL significantly (p < 0.1) increased compared with a normal group of animals. The ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) and sildenafil further significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) diminished PDE-5 activity significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) and enhanced nitric oxide and testosterone levels, as compared with normal rodents. Therefore, the S. mangifera ethanolic extract might be a valuable alternate aphrodisiac for erectile dysfunction.