Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The pathogenesis of this group of disorders is highly complex and involves interactions between various cell types and substances, among others, catestatin (CTS). In recent years, numerous researchers have expanded our knowledge about CTS’s role in development and its potential for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this review, the authors discuss CTS’s importance in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Moreover, we present CTS’s influence on heart and vessel function.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. Inflammation of the synovial fluid propagates the pathological process of angiogenesis. Semaphorins play a crucial role in the context of endothelial cell function, and their pleiotropic nature has various effects on the further development of RA. This narrative review summarises the various roles of semaphorins in the pathology of RA and whether they could play a role in developing novel RA treatment options.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute an important group of regulatory RNA molecules involved in the control of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. In recent years, their crucial role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease, has become increasingly evident. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of lncRNA action in the cardiovascular system, their involvement in the molecular processes associated with myocardial ischaemia, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We discuss the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, angiogenesis, coronary vessel remodelling, and cardiac fibrosis. Particular attention is paid to selected lncRNAs involved in coronary heart disease, including MIAT, MALAT1, ANRIL, and H19, which influence inflammatory processes, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, responses to hypoxia, and cardiac fibrosis. The potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in coronary artery disease is also discussed. Current evidence suggests that molecules such as MALAT1, MIAT, LIPCAR, and HCG11 may have considerable diagnostic and prognostic value, including for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events and the no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention. Furthermore, contemporary therapeutic strategies targeting lncRNAs are presented, including antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technologies. Despite promising preclinical findings, the clinical application of lncRNA-based therapies remains limited by challenges related to safety, delivery of therapeutic molecules, and translation of experimental findings into clinical practice. Nevertheless, lncRNAs represent a promising avenue for the development of precision medicine and may play an important role in the future diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are a promising novel therapy for oncology patients as it combines tumor- targeted antibodies with cytotoxic molecules resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes. Aim: The aim of this article is a thorough analysis of ADC possibilities in oncology focusing on treatment options, side effects of therapies for breast, bladder and lung cancers. Material and methods: A search of relevant research databases was conducted to identify eligible papers. Results: Findings reveal ADC to be a promising treatment option as a innovative, more precise form of therapy.

Background: CAR-T cell therapy is a highly personalized form of treatment. it involves modifying T cells extracted from the patients white blood cells during cell collection. Genetic modification of said T cells allows for the extraction of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), which are later multiplied and infused into the recipients organism. The use of such a highly personalized method yields promising results in both oncology and hematology where relapses and the severity of conditions require precise therapy. Aim: This narrative analysis aims to summarize and explore the present-day application of CAR-T cell therapy, currently held trials and possibilities for future therapy development in the fields of oncology and rheumatology. Material and methods: A search of relevant research databases was conducted to identify eligible papers. Results: CAR-T cell therapy shows promising results due to its mechanism of genetical modifications of patients’ own T-cells, thus allowing them to recognize surface antigens present on cancer cells and reduce symptoms and long-term consequences of autoimmune diseases. However, its use still is limited, and more research needs to undergo to better utilize CAR-T cell therapy. Conclusions: The use of CAR-T cell therapy in oncology and rheumatology is promising however, further studies are needed to assess its efficiency and safety.

Background: SIBO is a significant and growing problem in the XXI century. Patients suffer from symptoms that inconvenience their everyday life. Despite numerous trials existing SIBO treatment does not fully alleviate patients’ symptoms. Prebiotics and probiotics have proved and widely recognized benefits for gut health, which could be influential for SIBO treatment and for more severe disorders like cirrhosis. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on human health, especially in SIBO. Material and methods: A search of relevant research databases was conducted to identify eligible papers. Results: Many studies showed that supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics may alleviate the prevalence and severity of SIBO symptoms. Correlation of those therapeutic agents, especially probiotics with antibiotics like rifaximin may bring additional benefits. However, further multi-center studies are required. Conclusions: Prebiotics and probiotics may be an important factor in the SIBO therapeutic path.