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Concrete is the most commonly used structural material, without which modern construction could not function. It is a material with a high potential to adapt to specific operating conditions. The use of this potential is made by its material modification. The aim of the performed investigations was the assessment of rational application possibilities of fly ashes from thermally conversed municipal sewage sludge as an alternative concrete admixture. A concrete mix was designed, based on the Portland cement CEM I 42.5R and containing various quantity of ash, amounting to 0–25% of cement mass. The samples were conditioned and heated in a furnace at the temperature of 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C. Physical and chemical properties of the ashes as well as utility properties of the concrete, i.e., density, compressive strength after 28, 56, and 90 days of maturation, frost resistance, and compressive strength in high temperature were determined. The tests were performed at cubic samples with 10 cm edge. The replacement of a determined cement quantity by the fly ashes enables obtaining a concrete composite having good strength parameters. The concrete modified by the fly ashes constituting 20% of the cement mass achieved its average compressive strength after 28 days of maturation equal to 50.12 MPa, after 56 days 50.61 MPa and after 90 days 50.80 MPa. The temperature growth weakens the composite structure. The obtained results confirm the possibility of waste recycling in the form of fly ashes as a cement substitute in concrete manufacturing.
Gabriela Rutkowska; Paweł Ogrodnik; Joanna Fronczyk; Ayla Bilgin. Temperature Influence on Ordinary Concrete Modified with Fly Ashes from Thermally Conversed Municipal Sewage Sludge Strength Parameters. Materials 2020, 13, 5259 .
AMA StyleGabriela Rutkowska, Paweł Ogrodnik, Joanna Fronczyk, Ayla Bilgin. Temperature Influence on Ordinary Concrete Modified with Fly Ashes from Thermally Conversed Municipal Sewage Sludge Strength Parameters. Materials. 2020; 13 (22):5259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriela Rutkowska; Paweł Ogrodnik; Joanna Fronczyk; Ayla Bilgin. 2020. "Temperature Influence on Ordinary Concrete Modified with Fly Ashes from Thermally Conversed Municipal Sewage Sludge Strength Parameters." Materials 13, no. 22: 5259.
This study analysed the effect of three alkalizing soil amendments (limestone, dolomite chalcedonite) on aided phytostabilization with Festuca rubra L. depending on the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) level in contaminated soil. Four different levels of Cr(VI) were added to the soil (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). The Cr contents in the plant roots and above-ground parts and the soil (total and extracted Cr by 0.01 M CaCl2) were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The phytotoxicity of the soil was also determined. Soil amended with chalcedonite significantly increased F. rubra biomass. Chalcedonite and limestone favored a considerable accumulation of Cr in the roots. The application of dolomite and limestone to soil contaminated with Cr(VI) contributed to a significant increase in pH values and was found to be the most effective in reducing total Cr and CaCl2-extracted Cr contents from the soil. F. rubra in combination with a chalcedonite amendment appears to be a promising solution for phytostabilization of Cr(VI)-contaminated areas. The use of this model can contribute to reducing human exposure to Cr(VI) and its associated health risks.
Maja Radziemska; Agnieszka Bęś; Zygmunt M. Gusiatin; Łukasz Sikorski; Martin Brtnicky; Grzegorz Majewski; Ernesta Liniauskienė; Václav Pecina; Rahul Datta; Ayla Bilgin; Zbigniew Mazur. Successful Outcome of Phytostabilization in Cr(VI) Contaminated Soils Amended with Alkalizing Additives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6073 .
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Agnieszka Bęś, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Łukasz Sikorski, Martin Brtnicky, Grzegorz Majewski, Ernesta Liniauskienė, Václav Pecina, Rahul Datta, Ayla Bilgin, Zbigniew Mazur. Successful Outcome of Phytostabilization in Cr(VI) Contaminated Soils Amended with Alkalizing Additives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Agnieszka Bęś; Zygmunt M. Gusiatin; Łukasz Sikorski; Martin Brtnicky; Grzegorz Majewski; Ernesta Liniauskienė; Václav Pecina; Rahul Datta; Ayla Bilgin; Zbigniew Mazur. 2020. "Successful Outcome of Phytostabilization in Cr(VI) Contaminated Soils Amended with Alkalizing Additives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6073.
Landfill leachates are potentially harmful to the environment and to human health. The objective of this study was to characterize leachates in order to analyze whether a relationship exists between the stored waste and the composition of leachates, and to detect possible leakages of pollutants into the environment. To achieve these objectives, field data, Global Positioning System data and physico-chemical data were used. Biological tests are becoming increasingly popular in determining leachate toxicity; therefore, two toxicity tests were performed with the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Leachates were sampled from the leachate pond. Groundwater quality was monitored by using drill holes. The research and analysis carried out are important to determine their potential impact on agricultural areas located near the landfill. Demonstrably increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of heavy metals were detected only in the leachate pond which closes the landfill body, where it links up with the landfill insulation layer. Water sampled from drill holes reaching into groundwater was not contaminated. The results showed that the leachates did not leak outside the landfill. Nevertheless, they were found to be phytotoxic. Both toxicity tests showed that the increasing amount of leachates resulted in the increasing growth inhibition of the tested plants. The proper handling of leachates should have been ensured.
Magdalena Daria Vaverková; Jakub Elbl; Eugeniusz Koda; Dana Adamcová; Ayla Bilgin; Vojtěch Lukas; Anna Podlasek; Antonín Kintl; Małgorzata Wdowska; Martin Brtnický; Jan Zloch. Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4531 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Daria Vaverková, Jakub Elbl, Eugeniusz Koda, Dana Adamcová, Ayla Bilgin, Vojtěch Lukas, Anna Podlasek, Antonín Kintl, Małgorzata Wdowska, Martin Brtnický, Jan Zloch. Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Daria Vaverková; Jakub Elbl; Eugeniusz Koda; Dana Adamcová; Ayla Bilgin; Vojtěch Lukas; Anna Podlasek; Antonín Kintl; Małgorzata Wdowska; Martin Brtnický; Jan Zloch. 2020. "Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4531.
Reducing the discharge of contaminants present in runoff water is important for a clean environment. This paper analyses field test results of three pilot-scale horizontal runoff water treatment zones filled with mixtures of zero valent iron (ZVI), activated carbon (AC), silica spongolite (SS), zeolite (Z), and limestone (LS). The investigated systems were (S1) ZVI/AC/SS, (S2) ZVI/AC/Z and (S3) ZVI/AC/LS. The efficiency of the three systems in the removal of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, COD and ammonium ions from runoff water was compared and the factors (temperature, pH, redox potential, hydraulic conductivity) and relationships affecting treatment effectiveness were determined. A statistical analysis of effluent contaminant concentrations and physicochemical parameters of effluent solutions included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), a multidimensional analysis using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a factor analysis (FA) and a cluster analysis (CA). The ANOVA and cluster analyses indicated similarities between systems containing SS and LS. As a consequence, using cheaper SS can reduce investment costs. In addition, there were no significant differences between the three systems regarding Cd and Ni removal, while Cu and Pb were removed to almost 100%. The results indicate that all the tested materials supported ZVI and AC in the removal of heavy metals in a similar way. However, runoff water was enriched with nitrogen oxides and sulfates while flowing through treatment zones with SS and LS. The enrichment increased with increasing temperature and redox potential. The conducted analyses indicate that the most suitable mixture is ZVI/AC/Z. It should be emphasized that the ongoing processes (precipitation and ZVI corrosion) reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the filters up to two orders of magnitude. Expansive iron corrosion was the most limiting factor in ZVI filtration systems. In the future, applications decreasing the percentage of ZVI in the mixture are suggested.
Joanna Fronczyk; Katarzyna Markowska-Lech; Ayla Bilgin. Treatment Assessment of Road Runoff Water in Zones filled with ZVI, Activated Carbon and Mineral Materials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 873 .
AMA StyleJoanna Fronczyk, Katarzyna Markowska-Lech, Ayla Bilgin. Treatment Assessment of Road Runoff Water in Zones filled with ZVI, Activated Carbon and Mineral Materials. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):873.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanna Fronczyk; Katarzyna Markowska-Lech; Ayla Bilgin. 2020. "Treatment Assessment of Road Runoff Water in Zones filled with ZVI, Activated Carbon and Mineral Materials." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 873.
In many post-industrial sites, the high contents and high mobility of different potentially toxic elements (PTEs) make the soils unsuitable for effective management and use. Therefore, immobilization of PTE seems to be the best remediation option for such areas. In the present study, soil samples were collected in post-industrial areas in Northeastern Poland. The analyzed soil was characterized by especially high contents of Cd (22 mg·kg−1), Pb (13 540 mg·kg−1), and Zn (8433 mg·kg−1). Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) and two types of mineral-based amendments were used to determine their combined remediation effect on PTE immobilization. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of chalcedonite and halloysite on plant growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, the leaf greenness index (SPAD), PTE uptake, and the physicochemical properties and toxicity of soil. The application of chalcedonite resulted in the greatest increase in soil pH, whereas halloysite contributed to the greatest reduction in the contents of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cr in soil, compared with the control treatment. The addition of halloysite significantly increased plant biomass. The application of mineral-based amendments increased the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in yellow lupine leaves. The leaf greenness index was highest in plants growing in soil amended with chalcedonite. The results of this study suggest that mineral-based amendments combined with yellow lupine could potentially be used for aided phytostabilization of multi-PTE contaminated soil in a post-industrial area.
Maja Radziemska; Agnieszka Bęś; Zygmunt M. Gusiatin; Grzegorz Majewski; Zbigniew Mazur; Ayla Bilgin; Iwona Jaskulska; Martin Brtnický. Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) by Mineral-Based Amendments: Remediation of Contaminated Soils in Post-Industrial Sites. Minerals 2020, 10, 87 .
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Agnieszka Bęś, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Grzegorz Majewski, Zbigniew Mazur, Ayla Bilgin, Iwona Jaskulska, Martin Brtnický. Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) by Mineral-Based Amendments: Remediation of Contaminated Soils in Post-Industrial Sites. Minerals. 2020; 10 (2):87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Agnieszka Bęś; Zygmunt M. Gusiatin; Grzegorz Majewski; Zbigniew Mazur; Ayla Bilgin; Iwona Jaskulska; Martin Brtnický. 2020. "Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) by Mineral-Based Amendments: Remediation of Contaminated Soils in Post-Industrial Sites." Minerals 10, no. 2: 87.
The experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of trace element immobilizing soil amendments, i.e., chalcedonite, dolomite, halloysite, and diatomite on the chemical characteristics of soil contaminated with Cr and the uptake of metals by plants. The study utilized analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA). The content of trace elements in plants, pseudo-total and extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2, were determined using the method of spectrophotometry. All of the investigated element contents in the tested parts of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) differed significantly in the case of applying amendments to the soil, as well as Cr contamination. The greatest average above-ground biomass was observed when halloysite and dolomite were amended to the soil. Halloysite caused significant increases of Cr concentrations in the roots. The obtained values of bioconcentration and translocation factors observed for halloysite treatment indicate the effectiveness of using Indian mustard in phytostabilization techniques. The addition of diatomite significantly increased soil pH. Halloysite and chalcedonite were shown to be the most effective and decreased the average Cr, Cu and Zn contents in soil.
Maja Radziemska; Eugeniusz Koda; Ayla Bilgin; Mgdalena D. Vaverková. Concept of Aided Phytostabilization of Contaminated Soils in Postindustrial Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 15, 24 .
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Eugeniusz Koda, Ayla Bilgin, Mgdalena D. Vaverková. Concept of Aided Phytostabilization of Contaminated Soils in Postindustrial Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 15 (1):24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Eugeniusz Koda; Ayla Bilgin; Mgdalena D. Vaverková. 2017. "Concept of Aided Phytostabilization of Contaminated Soils in Postindustrial Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 24.
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) represent a promising agent for environmental remediation. The research was aimed to determine the influence of copper in doses of 0, 80, 150, 300, and 600 mg Cu·kg−1 of soil as well as ZVI, and lignite additives on the content of macroelements in the Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.). The average accumulation of analyzing elements in Indian mustard grown in copper contaminated soil were found to follow the decreasing order Mg > Na > P > Ca > K > N. Soil contamination at 600 mg Cu·kg−1 of soil led to the highest increase in P, Mg, N, and Ca content. The application of ZVI had a positive influence on the average phosphorus and potassium content of Indian mustard. Moreover, the application of ZVI and lignite had a positive influence on the average Mg and Ca content in the above-ground parts of Indian mustard. From the analyzed reactive materials, the application of lignite was shown to be the most effective resulting in the decrease in the average nitrogen and calcium content when compared to the control crop. Calcium content in plants from the control group, without the addition of zero-valent iron, and powered lignite (control), was positively correlated with increasing doses of copper.
Maja Radziemska; Jerzy Jeznach; Zbigniew Mazur; Joanna Fronczyk; Ayla Bilgin. Assessment of the effect of reactive materials on the content of selected elements in Indian mustard grown in Cu-contaminated soils. Journal of Water and Land Development 2016, 28, 53 -60.
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Jerzy Jeznach, Zbigniew Mazur, Joanna Fronczyk, Ayla Bilgin. Assessment of the effect of reactive materials on the content of selected elements in Indian mustard grown in Cu-contaminated soils. Journal of Water and Land Development. 2016; 28 (1):53-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Jerzy Jeznach; Zbigniew Mazur; Joanna Fronczyk; Ayla Bilgin. 2016. "Assessment of the effect of reactive materials on the content of selected elements in Indian mustard grown in Cu-contaminated soils." Journal of Water and Land Development 28, no. 1: 53-60.
Mustafa Aybar; Ayla Bilgin; Bülent Sağlam. Fitoremediasyon Yöntemi İle Topraktaki Ağır Metallerin Giderimi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi 2015, 1, 59 .
AMA StyleMustafa Aybar, Ayla Bilgin, Bülent Sağlam. Fitoremediasyon Yöntemi İle Topraktaki Ağır Metallerin Giderimi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 2015; 1 (1):59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMustafa Aybar; Ayla Bilgin; Bülent Sağlam. 2015. "Fitoremediasyon Yöntemi İle Topraktaki Ağır Metallerin Giderimi." Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi 1, no. 1: 59.
Ayla Bilgin. Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA decision in Turkey. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2015, 53, 40 -51.
AMA StyleAyla Bilgin. Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA decision in Turkey. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2015; 53 ():40-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyla Bilgin. 2015. "Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive and the EIA decision in Turkey." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 53, no. : 40-51.