Brainstem involvement (BSI) has been reported as a major predictive factor for future disability in Multiple Sclerosis (MS).To evaluate whether Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP... 背景：据报道, 脑干受累 (BSI) 是多发性硬化症 (MS) 未来残疾的主要预测因素。目的：评估颈前庭诱发肌源性电位 (cVEMPs) 和视频头部脉冲测试 (vHIT) 是否可用于检测 MS 前庭通路中的脱髓鞘病变。材料和方法：用头晕障碍量表 (DHI)、vHIT 和 cVEMP 评估了 53 名 MS 患者和 40 名对照者。结果：MS 组的 DHI 中值显著高于对照组 (p<.001)...

Background: Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with dyslipidemia playing a crucial role in atherosclerosis and stroke development. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), calculated as log(triglyceride/HDL), has emerged as a biomarker for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. However, its relationship with stroke prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between AIP and favorable clinical outcomes at three months in acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 222 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy between December 2019 and April 2023. The association between AIP and demographic variables, etiology, successful recanalization, intracerebral hemorrhage, and three-month mRS was evaluated. AIP values were compared between patients with good (mRS 0–2) and poor (mRS 3–6) clinical outcomes. Results: The most common comorbidity was hypertension (72.1%), followed by AF (50%). Stroke etiologies included large artery atherosclerosis (16.2%), cardioembolism (57.2%), and undetermined causes (26.6%). AIP values were significantly lower in patients with good functional outcomes. Additionally, AIP values were inversely associated with AF but positively correlated with DM and previous stroke history. No significant relationship was observed between the AIP and successful recanalization or intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that elevated AIP is associated with poor functional outcomes after three months in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. Given its strong correlation with prognosis, the AIP may serve as a valuable biomarker for identifying high-risk patients. Future prospective studies are needed to further validate these findings and explore the potential role of the AIP in stroke management.

SUMMARY ABSTRACT The COVID-19 infection that started in the Wuhan Province of the People's Republic of China and has now spread throughout the world is not limited to the respiratory system, but also causes other systemic symptoms through viremia. Recent data show that the central and peripheral nervous system involvement is particularly substantial. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the current neurological comorbidities and symptoms of patients with COVID-19 who were followed up by our clinic physicians.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). The Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX), a composite biomarker calculated from serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, and platelet count, reflects endothelial activation and systemic biological stress. However, its association with RLS has not previously been investigated. Objective: To compare EASIX levels between patients with RLS and healthy controls and to evaluate the relationship between EASIX and disease severity. Methods: This retrospective case–control study included 199 patients diagnosed with RLS according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria and 190 healthy controls. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected retrospectively. EASIX was calculated as LDH (U/L) × creatinine (mg/dL) / platelet count (10⁹/L). Correlations between EASIX and disease duration, disease stage, and International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) scores were assessed using Spearman’s correlation analysis. To account for the potential confounding effect of age, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed with age as a covariate. Results: Patients with RLS had significantly higher unadjusted EASIX levels than healthy controls (0,520 ± 0,228 vs. 0,465 ± 0,159, p = 0.005). Serum lactate dehydrogenase, urea, WBC, Neutrophil and EASİX levels were also significantly higher, whereas serum iron levels were significantly lower in the RLS group. EASIX demonstrated weak but significant positive correlations with IRLS score ( r = 0.167, p = 0.018), disease stage ( r = 0.180, p = 0.011), and disease duration ( r = 0.198, p = 0.005). However, after adjustment for age, the difference in EASIX between the RLS and control groups was no longer statistically significant ( p = 0.490). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, EASIX was not independently associated with RLS (OR = 1.202, 95% CI: 0.621–2.328, p = 0.585). Conclusions: EASIX levels were higher in patients with RLS than in healthy controls in the unadjusted analysis; however, this difference was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for age, and EASIX was not independently associated with RLS in multivariable analysis. Although weak correlations with disease severity and duration were observed in unadjusted analyses, these associations were not significant after age adjustment. These findings should therefore be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating. The diagnostic, severity-related, and prognostic utility of EASIX as a biomarker in RLS remains to be established in prospective, longitudinal, and externally validated studies. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Capsular warning syndrome (CWS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of TIAs within a 24-hour, affecting at least two regions of the face, upper and/or lower extremities, and the absence of cortical symptoms. CWS accounts for small percentage of TIAs. However, it is associated with a higher risk of stroke and permanent neurological deficits. In this article, we present the findings, treatment and prognosis of CWS. This study reviewed the data of patients with cerebral small vessel disease. The clinical findings, the number and duration of CWS attacks, and treatments were noted. The NIHSS and the 3-month-mRS of the patients were evaluated to determine their prognosis. A total of 27 CWS cases were included, with an average age of 71.25 and 74.1% male. The most common lesion location was the internal capsule(51.8%), followed by the corona radiata. Dual antiplatelet therapy was the preference in 81.5% of patients. It was observed that the mean 3-month-mRS was 3.60 in the anticoagulation group and 0.90 in the antiplatelet group. Our study highlights important information regarding lesion location, attack durations and treatment and shows that especially dual antiplatelet therapy is more effective in preventing permanent neurological deficits and CWS attacks.

Background/Objectives: Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) and may influence clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic significance of peri-procedural electrolyte changes in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy remains insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of pre- and post-procedural serum electrolyte levels and peri-procedural electrolyte changes with 90-day mortality in patients with AIS treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 274 adult patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion who underwent mechanical thrombectomy between February 2017 and February 2026. Serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and calcium (Ca) levels were recorded before thrombectomy and within the first hour after the procedure. Peri-procedural electrolyte changes (Δ) were calculated as post-procedural minus pre-procedural values. Clinical, imaging, laboratory, and procedural variables associated with 90-day mortality were evaluated using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 274 patients, 67 (24.5%) died within 90 days. Post-procedural serum Na levels were significantly lower in the mortality group than in the survival group (p = 0.030). No significant associations were observed between 90-day mortality and pre-procedural electrolyte levels or peri-procedural electrolyte changes. In the multivariable analysis, higher admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (p = 0.001), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (p < 0.001), higher admission glucose levels (p = 0.003), and higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.046) were independently associated with increased 90-day mortality, whereas successful reperfusion (TICI 2b–3) (p = 0.011) and higher post-procedural serum Na levels (OR = 0.851, 95% CI: 0.749–0.968; p = 0.014) were independently associated with reduced odds of 90-day mortality. The addition of post-procedural serum Na to the base model resulted in a modest increase in discrimination (AUC 0.800 to 0.812; ΔAUC = 0.012), which was not statistically significant (DeLong p = 0.454). Conclusions: Among the peri-procedural electrolyte parameters evaluated, only post-procedural serum Na was independently associated with 90-day mortality after mechanical thrombectomy. However, adding post-procedural serum Na to established clinical, procedural, and metabolic predictors did not significantly improve model discrimination. These findings suggest that post-procedural serum Na may represent an associated prognostic marker, while its incremental predictive utility beyond established predictors remains unproven.