This paper gives an overview of the wireless sensor network, studies its application in precision farming, and its importance for improving the agriculture in Egypt. An example for using wireless sensor network in cultivating the potato crop in Egypt is given, and it is shown that the cost of the system with respect to the yearly benefit from exporting potato crop after recovering the loss from its export preventing (this loss is estimated to be 2 billion pounds which is the value of the potato export to Russia annually), after the expected consequence of increasing the yield size and quality, after the expected savings in the resources used in cultivation such as the fertilizer and irrigation water, and after recovering the monetary loss results from the harms caused by excessive use of pesticides, is acceptable, and it can be said that this cost can be recovered in one year. It is concluded that the APTEEN protocol is the most suitable routing strategy to precision farming and its network lifetime can reach 6.5 month which is a period more than the maximum value of the potato crop lifetime that estimated to be 120 day, but it is greater than the yearly cultivation period of potato in Egypt which reaches 6 month

In this paper, we focus on an interesting E-Health monitoring system that efficiently utilizes the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless body area network (WBAN) composed of a set of target-oriented sensors placed around the human body and transmit its collected data to a coordinator that carries it to some cloud system. WBAN standardized with the newly emerged IEEE802.15.6 with its specifications for Physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers only. Regrettably, the Network layer is not addressed by the standard where it plays an important role in the overall performance. In this paper, we design the temperature heterogeneity energy (THE) aware routing protocol for WBAN as a complement for the standard. “THE” aims to control the temperature raising caused by the on-body sensor and affects the skin comfortableness. In the meantime, “THE” maintains the network in high-performance conditions in terms of long node lifetime and high packet throughput. To fulfill these desired tradeoffs, the sensed data is classified into three data levels with variable transmission priority to each level, namely, emergency (abnormal) data priority 7 (highest priority), critical data priority 6, and normal data assigned priority 5. “THE” protocol is based on a utility function that chooses the WBAN's parent node (PN) that has the largest amount of remaining energy, the highest data rate, the minimum distance to the coordinator, and the minimum sensor's temperature. Hopping the data through the parent node (two-hops) is applicable for the data with normal priority while high priority data (critical and emergency) is transmitted to the coordinator in one-hop only. The proposed “THE” protocol's performance validation performed via Monte Carlo simulation analysis which proves that “THE” protocol achieved better performance against conventional protocols (SIMPLE and iM-SIMPLE) in terms of network lifetime, number of dead nodes, total remaining energy, and throughput.

Recently, many Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols have been proposed for securing resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices with negligible power consumption. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a low power communication protocol that supports message authentication, integrity, and encryption using two-session preshared secret keys. However, although the LoRaWAN supports some security functions, it suffers from session key generation and key update problems. This motivates us to introduce a new key management protocol that resolves the LoRaWAN problems and supports key updates. The proposed protocol is based on hash chain generation using a one-way hash function. Network entities share a common hash chain of n key elements to allow using a unique signing key per message. We also propose a salt hashing algorithm that encrypts the original keys into a different form to avoid the physical attacks at the end device side. We analyzed the proposed key generation performance in terms of the computation time, the required storage, and the communication overhead. We implemented and tested the proposed key generation protocol using the NS-3 network simulator. The proposed lightweight key generation protocol significantly enhances the security of the original LoRaWAN at a negligible overhead. The proposed protocol reduces the power consumption and transmission time by two times compared with some previous protocols. In addition, the proposed key generation protocol can resist attacks, such as key compromising attacks and replay attacks, and it supports the Perfect Forward Secrecy, which was not supported by LoRaWAN.

To keep pace with the current rapid evolution of mobile data requirements, IEEE 802.11 was evolved to provide more desirable performance to fulfill the needs of fifth-generation (5G) and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It provides two different access contention-based schemes; Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) which not differentiates between different services, and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) which provides differentiation between various services through four priority Access Categories (ACs). The dilemma of the conventional IEEE 802.11 networks is the static assignation of parameters in DCF and EDCA regardless of the number of associated stations and no matter what kind of service is required by each station (i.e., the activity of ACs). Consequently, this led to a significant degradation in the performance of the network, especially in the case of ultra-dense load network. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for EDCA considering a dynamic assignation of Arbitration Inter-Frame Space Number (AIFSN) and guidance Contention Window (CW) depending on the number of associated stations and ACs activeness status. Based on the analytical models of EDCA, a game-theoretic method is proposed to make each associated station adapts its transmission probability within the guidance CW. The purpose of guidance CW is a pre-stage to detect the selfish stations which pick up a very low CW to maximize its throughput regardless of the overall network throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed game-based algorithm can obtain higher performance than the standard 802.11 networks in terms of normalized throughput, data dropped during retransmissions limit threshold exceeding, and mean average delay for sensitive delay applications.

In this paper, a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Centralized Sleeping Protocol (LEACH-CS) for wireless sensor networks has been proposed. LEACH-CS extends the lifetime of wireless sensor networks by proposing a mechanism that performs an intelligent choice of functioning nodes depending on the data sensed at the time being. If the data received from certain clusters appears insignificant in a period of time, these clusters are set to sleeping mode till the next data round. An algorithm named Intelligent Sleeping Mechanism (ISM) has been proposed for choice of nodes modes of functionality. When comparing LEACH-CS to the famous LEACH-C protocol through simulations, LEACH-CS succeeds in extending the lifetime of the network by on average 35% more than LEACH-C through network scaling and minimizing the end-to-end delay of data sending by an average 50% less than LEACH-C. LEACH-CS has been proposed for cultivation applications, where conditions may remain stable for a while and are not critical from onesecond to the other