(1) Background: This study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) categories and comorbidities in the context of a developing country, utilizing data from a nationwide health screening in Mongolia. (2) Methods: The study included 181,080 individuals (mean age 47.0 ± 15.3, 42.0% male) from the population-based general health screening. We counted the number of diseases from participants’ medical records based on ICD-10 codes, excluding those categorized under Z00-Z99 and codes indicating acute disorders, as well as individuals classified as underweight. (3) Results: Among study participants, the prevalence of two or more comorbidities was 4.2%. The weight distribution comprised 40.4% normal weight; 37.1% overweight; and 16.9%, 4.4%, and 1.2% in the Class I, II, and III obesity categories, respectively. Comorbidities increased with BMI: normal weight (0.222); overweight (0.255); and Class I (0.290), Class II (0.302), and Class III obesity (0.303), suggesting a dose-dependent likelihood of having multiple diseases. Adjusted linear regression (beta coefficients, 95% CIs) showed increased comorbidity risks in overweight (0.017, 0.013–0.021) and obesity (0.034, 0.030–0.039). Interaction analysis with age revealed a significant effect (p < 0.001). While comorbidities tend to increase with higher BMI categories in all age-tertile groups, this association was notably stronger among younger individuals. (4) Conclusions: Obesity is associated with a twofold increase in the prevalence of multiple comorbidities compared to normal weight. Our findings also highlight the critical role of age in the development of multiple diseases, with BMI remaining a significant factor across various age groups, encompassing both younger and older adults.

Approximately half of all births globally occur in the Asia Pacific Region. Concerted efforts to support local activities aimed at developing national newborn screening (NBS) have been ongoing for almost 30 years, first by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and then through volunteer efforts. Sustainable newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) continues to be initiated and develop in many of the countries with developing economies in the region. Since the discontinuation of IAEA funding in 2007, a working group of the Asia Pacific Society of Human Genetics (APSHG) consisting of interested representatives from countries in the region with less than 50% NBS coverage has participated in periodic workshops to exchange information, set goals, and provide peer support. Facilitated by international NBS experts, interested corporate sponsors, and the APSHG, the 7th workshop of representatives from 10 East Asian countries with developing NBS systems was recently held in Kathmandu, Nepal. This report summarizes the NBS activities in these countries and describes the continuing efforts to move NBS ahead in the region.

(1) Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a significant health burden, particularly in Mongolia, where the HCV prevalence is notably high. This study evaluates the long-term outcomes of HCV treatment with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, focusing on mortality, viral relapse, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. (2) Methods: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study initially enrolled patients with chronic HCV in Mongolia between 2016 and 2017, focusing on those who completed the five-year follow-up (n = 303). The study measured long-term mortality, HCC development, and viral relapse, employing non-invasive methods to assess liver fibrosis and liver function. (3) Results: At the outset, 98.2% of the patients achieved undetectable HCV RNA levels. Over five years, 6.27% experienced viral relapse and 3.30% developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a mortality rate of 5.94%. In a multivariable analysis, the significant predictors for HCC occurrence included age (OR = 1.081, 95% CI = 1.021–1.145), liver cirrhosis (OR = 5.866, 95% CI = 1.672–22.577), and GGT level (OR = 1.011, 95% CI = 1.004–1.018). The independent predictors of mortality included age (OR = 1.083, 95% CI = 1.024–1.147), liver cirrhosis (OR = 6.529, 95% CI = 1.913–22.281), and GGT (OR = 1.011, 95% CI = 1.004–1.017). (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ledipasvir/sofosbuvir effectively suppresses HCV initially and maintains low viral relapse rates over the long term. However, it emphasizes the need for continued management to reduce the long-term risk of HCC and mortality, especially in patients with severe liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

Background: Tooth loss in childhood reflects cumulative oral disease and may impair dietary intake, potentially influencing nutritional status. Evidence on the association between tooth loss and anthropometric indicators in school-aged children remains limited. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from a nationwide health screening conducted by the Ministry of Health of Mongolia in 2023–2024. A total of 120,994 children aged 6–9 years were included. Tooth loss was categorized as 0, 1–2, or ≥3 extracted teeth. Nutritional status was assessed using weight-for-height (WHZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores, and body mass index (BMI). Associations between tooth loss and anthropometric indicators were examined using unadjusted and multivariable linear regression models adjusting for age and sex. Results: Overall, 12.5% of children had experienced tooth loss. Mean WHZ and WAZ decreased progressively with increasing tooth loss. In adjusted analyses, children with 1–2 extracted teeth had lower WHZ (β = −0.025; 95% CI: −0.047 to −0.004), and those with ≥3 extracted teeth had substantially lower WHZ (β = −0.058; 95% CI: −0.084 to −0.032), compared with children without tooth loss. Similar associations were observed for WAZ. No significant associations were found between tooth loss and BMI or HAZ. No interactions with age or sex were detected. Conclusions: Tooth loss was independently associated with lower indicators of current nutritional status among children aged 6–9 years. These findings underscore the importance of integrating oral health and nutrition strategies in childhood health programs.