There is currently a growing interest in the so-called emerging pollutants, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene care products, drugs, etc., whose presence in natural ecosystems is not necessarily recent, but the development in latest years of new and more sensitive methods of analysis has allowed their detection. They can be present in the natural environment, food, and many products of everyday origin, which suggests that human exposure to them is massive and universal. Therefore, the study of this type of substances is becoming one of the priority lines of research of the main agencies dedicated to the protection of public and environmental health, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or European Union (EU). In this sense, it is of vital importance to know the nature and quantity of this type of contaminants, to establish preventive mechanisms that minimize its presence in aquatic systems, with special requirements for human consumption. This study aimed to describe a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the status of pesticides in European waters. We will search for original studies in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect databases. Prevalence studies of emerging contaminants (pesticides) in water resources (watersheds, aquifers, rivers, marine and springs), wastewaters (influent and effluent), and drinking water should be included. Two reviewers will independently screen and assess the included studies, with any disagreements being resolved by a third reviewer. We will summarize the findings using a narrative approach and, if possible, conduct a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). We will conduct the protocol following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The review will summarize the current evidence on the presence of pesticides in European waters such as glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, neonicotinoid pesticides, and/or fungicides, in samples of different water resources like wastewaters and drinking water. We expect that this systematic review will establish preventive mechanisms that minimize the presence of pesticides in water in the environment.

Background: Wound healing competence is implied in the nursing profession, but there is no standardized content regulation for wound care in university curricula. The primary objective of this study was to identify the barriers to the acquisition of knowledge about skin integrity impairment. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test study with an ad hoc questionnaire involved 304 students (control: 165; intervention: 139) from June to July 2023. A 10-h educational intervention focused on skin integrity assessment and treatment was conducted. Results: The control group, scoring 17 ± 0.22 out of a maximum of 61, achieved a significantly lower final test score (p < 0.001) compared to the wound care educational intervention group, with the pre-test group scoring 30 ± 0.76 and the post-test group scoring 43 ± 0.61. The educational intervention in wound care program improved nursing students’ knowledge of prevention, assessment/diagnosis, treatment, lower limb wounds, and wound bed preparation by replacing the number of "Don’t know" answers in the post-test group with correct answers. Conclusions: The barriers identified to the acquisition of knowledge about skin integrity impairment in nursing studies are the following: the transversality of teaching, the teaching and evaluation system, and the variability in the training of professionals and teachers in charge of their education. The educational intervention can be used to consolidate knowledge and to enhance students’ self-confidence in caring for patients with wounds.

Aim: To explore nurses’ perceptions regarding their knowledge, degree of autonomy, and the difficulties encountered in managing diabetic foot in Primary Care. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition with a high prevalence in Spain, predominantly type 2. One of its most serious complications is diabetic foot disease, affecting between 19% and 34% of patients and associated with considerable morbidity and amputation risk. Primary Care, particularly nursing professionals, plays a pivotal role in the prevention, assessment, and management of diabetic foot. However, institutional, methodological, and personal barriers continue to affect care quality. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. A validated ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 176 nurses from the Murcian Health Service participating in a blended learning course on diabetic foot. Variables assessed included professional autonomy, knowledge, dressings use, clinical documentation, training, and perceived challenges. Qualitative analysis was based on open-ended responses using content analysis. Findings: A total of 88.1% of nurses reported autonomy in performing foot examinations; however, only 45.5% managed wound care independently. Just 19.9% considered themselves sufficiently trained, while 42.6% felt confident in selecting dressings appropriate to the healing phase. Although 56.8% regularly completed specific clinical documentation forms, many still expressed uncertainty about dressing use. Qualitative analysis identified five key barriers: lack of knowledge, patient complexity, institutional constraints, issues of authority and communication, and professional insecurity. These findings provide a current picture of persistent barriers in diabetic foot care and reinforce the need for targeted training and institutional support.