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Sarah Lim; Abul Hasnat Milton; Vasudha Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. Relationship between serum zinc, glycemic status and HOMA2 parameters in a regional Australian hospital population. Endocrine Abstracts 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleSarah Lim, Abul Hasnat Milton, Vasudha Iyengar, Rafiqul Islam. Relationship between serum zinc, glycemic status and HOMA2 parameters in a regional Australian hospital population. Endocrine Abstracts. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Lim; Abul Hasnat Milton; Vasudha Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. 2018. "Relationship between serum zinc, glycemic status and HOMA2 parameters in a regional Australian hospital population." Endocrine Abstracts , no. : 1.
Several animal and human studies have shown that zinc is associated with cellular damage and cardiac dysfunction. This study aims to investigate dietary zinc and the zinc-iron ratio, as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large longitudinal study of mid-age Australian women (aged 50–61 years). Data was self-reported and validated food frequency questionnaires were used to assess dietary intake. Energy-adjusted zinc was ranked using quintiles and predictors of incident CVD were examined using stepwise logistic regression. After six years of follow-up, 320 incident CVD cases were established. A positive association between dietary zinc intake, zinc-iron ratio and risk of CVD was observed even after adjusting for potential dietary and non-dietary confounders. Compared to those with the lowest quintile of zinc, those in the highest quintile (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.67, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.08–2.62) and zinc-iron ratio (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.05–2.81) had almost twice the odds of developing CVD (p trend = 0.007). This study shows that high dietary zinc intake and zinc-iron ratio is associated with a greater incidence of CVD in women. Further studies are required detailing the source of zinc and iron in diet and their precise roles when compared to other essential nutrients.
Abul Hasnat Milton; Khanrin P. Vashum; Mark McEvoy; Sumaira Hussain; Patrick McElduff; Julie Byles; John Attia. Prospective Study of Dietary Zinc Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Nutrients 2018, 10, 38 .
AMA StyleAbul Hasnat Milton, Khanrin P. Vashum, Mark McEvoy, Sumaira Hussain, Patrick McElduff, Julie Byles, John Attia. Prospective Study of Dietary Zinc Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (1):38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbul Hasnat Milton; Khanrin P. Vashum; Mark McEvoy; Sumaira Hussain; Patrick McElduff; Julie Byles; John Attia. 2018. "Prospective Study of Dietary Zinc Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women." Nutrients 10, no. 1: 38.
Data is scarce on early life exposure to arsenic and its association with malnutrition during infancy. This study followed the nutritional status of a cohort of 120 infants from birth to 9 months of age in an arsenic contaminated area in Bangladesh. Anthropometric data was collected at 3, 6 and 9 months of the infant’s age for nutritional assessment whereas arsenic exposure level was assessed via tube well drinking water arsenic concentration at the initiation of the study. Weight and height measurements were converted to Z-scores of weight for age (WAZ-underweight), height for age (HAZ-stunting), weight for height (WHZ-wasting) for children by comparing with WHO growth standard. Arsenic exposure levels were categorized as <50 μg/L and ≥50 μg/L. Stunting rates (<−2 SD) were 10% at 3 months and 44% at both 6 and 9 months. Wasting rates (<−2 SD) were 23.3% at 3 months and underweight rates (<−2 SD) were 25% and 10% at 3 and 6 months of age, respectively. There was a significant association of stunting with household drinking water arsenic exposure ≥50 μg/L at age of 9 months (p = 0.009). Except for stunting at 9 months of age, we did not find any significant changes in other nutritional indices over time or with levels of household arsenic exposure in this study. Our study suggests no association between household arsenic exposure and under-nutrition during infancy; with limiting factors being small sample size and short follow-up. Difference in stunting at 9 months by arsenic exposure at ≥50 μg/L might be a statistical incongruity. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to establish any association.
Abul Hasnat Milton; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Sumaira Hussain; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; M. Munirul Islam; Am Shamsir Ahmed; Vasu Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 57 .
AMA StyleAbul Hasnat Milton, John Attia, Mohammad Alauddin, Mark McEvoy, Patrick McElduff, Sumaira Hussain, Ayesha Akhter, Shahnaz Akter, M. Munirul Islam, Am Shamsir Ahmed, Vasu Iyengar, Rafiqul Islam. Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (1):57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbul Hasnat Milton; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Sumaira Hussain; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; M. Munirul Islam; Am Shamsir Ahmed; Vasu Iyengar; Rafiqul Islam. 2018. "Assessment of Nutritional Status of Infants Living in Arsenic-Contaminated Areas in Bangladesh and Its Association with Arsenic Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 57.
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a skin manifestation which usually appears after visceral leishmaniasis. It is now proved that PKDL patients serve as a reservoir for anthropometric leishmanial transmission. Hence, to achieve the kala-azar elimination target set by the World Health Organization in the Indian Subcontinent, PKDL cases should be given priority. The goal of treatment for PKDL should be early reepithelizlization and rapid cure, but unfortunately this has been difficult to achieve, especially for patients with severe lesions. Therefore, we describe here four cases of PKDL who had widespread nodular and macular lesions and were treated with two cycles of LAmB doses with 20 mg/kg body weight divided into four equal doses (each dose contains 5 mg/kg) administered every alternate day. This treatment schedule achieved 100% treatment success with the minimal safety concern.
Ariful Basher; Muhammod Abdul Mukit; Shomik Maruf; Ridwanur Rahman; Dinesh Mondal; Rupen Nath; Azim Anuwarul; Proggananda Nath; Abul Hasnat Milton; M. A. Faiz; Abul Khair Mohammad Sumsuzzaman; Afm Akhtar Hossain; Fatima Aktar; Golam Hasnain. Case Report: Treatment of Widespread Nodular Post kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with Extended-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in Bangladesh: A Series of Four Cases. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017, 97, 1111 -1115.
AMA StyleAriful Basher, Muhammod Abdul Mukit, Shomik Maruf, Ridwanur Rahman, Dinesh Mondal, Rupen Nath, Azim Anuwarul, Proggananda Nath, Abul Hasnat Milton, M. A. Faiz, Abul Khair Mohammad Sumsuzzaman, Afm Akhtar Hossain, Fatima Aktar, Golam Hasnain. Case Report: Treatment of Widespread Nodular Post kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with Extended-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in Bangladesh: A Series of Four Cases. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2017; 97 (4):1111-1115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAriful Basher; Muhammod Abdul Mukit; Shomik Maruf; Ridwanur Rahman; Dinesh Mondal; Rupen Nath; Azim Anuwarul; Proggananda Nath; Abul Hasnat Milton; M. A. Faiz; Abul Khair Mohammad Sumsuzzaman; Afm Akhtar Hossain; Fatima Aktar; Golam Hasnain. 2017. "Case Report: Treatment of Widespread Nodular Post kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with Extended-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in Bangladesh: A Series of Four Cases." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 4: 1111-1115.
The Rohingya people are one of the most ill-treated and persecuted refugee groups in the world, having lived in a realm of statelessness for over six generations, and who are still doing so. In recent years, more than 500,000 Rohingyas fled from Myanmar (Burma) to neighboring countries. This article addresses the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, with special emphasis on the living conditions of this vulnerable population. We reviewed several documents on Rohingya refugees, visited a registered refugee camp (Teknaf), collected case reports, and conducted a series of meetings with stakeholders in the Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. A total of 33,131 registered Rohingya refugees are living in two registered camps in Cox’s Bazar, and up to 80,000 additional refugees are housed in nearby makeshift camps. Overall, the living conditions of Rohingya refugees inside the overcrowded camps remain dismal. Mental health is poor, proper hygiene conditions are lacking, malnutrition is endemic, and physical/sexual abuse is high. A concerted diplomatic effort involving Bangladesh and Myanmar, and international mediators such as the Organization of Islamic Countries and the United Nations, is urgently required to effectively address this complex situation.
Abul Hasnat Milton; Mijanur Rahman; Sumaira Hussain; Charulata Jindal; Sushmita Choudhury; Shahnaz Akter; Shahana Ferdousi; Tafzila Akter Mouly; John Hall; Jimmy T. Efird. Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 942 .
AMA StyleAbul Hasnat Milton, Mijanur Rahman, Sumaira Hussain, Charulata Jindal, Sushmita Choudhury, Shahnaz Akter, Shahana Ferdousi, Tafzila Akter Mouly, John Hall, Jimmy T. Efird. Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (8):942.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbul Hasnat Milton; Mijanur Rahman; Sumaira Hussain; Charulata Jindal; Sushmita Choudhury; Shahnaz Akter; Shahana Ferdousi; Tafzila Akter Mouly; John Hall; Jimmy T. Efird. 2017. "Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 942.
Introduction and Aims. To investigate the association between smokeless tobacco consumption (STC) during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth. Design and Methods. We conducted a population-based case–control study of 253 cases and 759 randomly selected control women in Madaripur, Bangladesh. We conducted a survey of two rural local government areas, including 8082 women, and identified cases based on self-report of a stillbirth outcome of each participant's first pregnancy. All were asked about STC during their first pregnancy and a range of risk markers and known confounders. Demographic and maternal variables associated either with stillbirth or STC were included in logistic regression models. Results. Of the 241 cases and 757 controls with complete exposure data, 32 cases (13.2%) and 18 controls (2.4%) reported STC during pregnancy [odds ratio 6.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.45, 11.4]. After adjustment for education, household income, age at first pregnancy, vaccination during pregnancy, complications, exposure to arsenic in drinking water, place of delivery and antenatal care, excess risk was attenuated but remained significant [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.87; 95% CI 1.36, 6.08]. There was a dose–effect association, with women who used smokeless tobacco >5 times daily during their first pregnancy at greater risk of having a stillbirth (aOR 5.89; 95% CI 1.70, 20.3) than less frequent users (aOR 1.67; 95% CI 0.65, 4.29). Estimates were robust to extreme assumptions about missing exposure data. Discussion and Conclusions. STC during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. This finding adds to the urgency of need for smokeless tobacco control strategies to be implemented in South Asia. [Hossain MS, Kypri K, Rahman B,Milton AH. Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population-based case–control study in rural Bangladesh. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000-000]
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Abul Hasnat Milton. Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh. Drug and Alcohol Review 2017, 37, 414 -420.
AMA StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain, Kypros Kypri, Bayzidur Rahman, Abul Hasnat Milton. Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2017; 37 (3):414-420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2017. "Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh." Drug and Alcohol Review 37, no. 3: 414-420.
Exposure to arsenic has a number of known detrimental health effects but impact on pregnancy outcomes is not as widely recognized. This narrative review examines existing epidemiological evidence investigating the association between arsenic exposure via drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We reviewed published epidemiological studies from around the world on impact of chronic arsenic exposure on spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, post neonatal death, low birth weight and preterm baby. Plausible mechanisms of arsenic toxicity causing adverse pregnancy outcomes were also determined through literature review. There is convincing evidence to support the association between high inorganic arsenic exposure (>50 ppb) and spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and low birth weight. Limitations of certain studies include study design, small sample size, recall constraints and exposure assessment. There needs to be further research investigating the dose metered impact of arsenic exposure on pregnancy outcomes. Further research on impact of low–moderate arsenic concentration exposure on pregnancy outcomes will allow for appropriate public health policy recommendations.
Abul H. Milton; Sumaira Hussain; Shahnaz Akter; Mijanur Rahman; Tafzila A. Mouly; Kane Mitchell. A Review of the Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 556 .
AMA StyleAbul H. Milton, Sumaira Hussain, Shahnaz Akter, Mijanur Rahman, Tafzila A. Mouly, Kane Mitchell. A Review of the Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (6):556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbul H. Milton; Sumaira Hussain; Shahnaz Akter; Mijanur Rahman; Tafzila A. Mouly; Kane Mitchell. 2017. "A Review of the Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 556.
The incidences of non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing in Bangladesh. The reasons for this increasing trend need to be explored. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of CVDs among a peripheral rural Bangladeshi population and to explore the sociodemographic, anthropometric and clinical variables associated with increased risk. Cohort study. From a cohort of 190,471 individuals of all ages, originally included in a diabetic eye disease program initiated in 2008–2009, a purposive sub-cohort of 66,710 individuals, aged 31–74 years was recruited. During 2011–2012 these participants were assessed for CVDs using the WHO's risk assessment tool designed for primary care settings in low resource societies. Participant characteristics associated with higher risk were explored using univariable and multivariable regression analysis. Out of all (95.5% participation rate) participants 1170 (1.84%) were found to be at high risk for CVD. The prevalence of hypertension (HTN), pre-HTN, obesity, underweight and self-reported DM were 8.9%, 15.2%, 9.6%, 7.8% and 0.5% respectively, among the study population. In multivariable regression analysis female sex, older age, temporary housing structure (i.e., tin shed), extremes of BMI (both underweight and obese) and central obesity were associated with higher risk for CVDs. The prevalence of CVD risk factors and high CVD risk individuals in this cohort was found to be lower than previous studies. It may be the effects of urbanization are yet to reach this relatively traditional rural population. This study adds to the literature on use of the WHO risk assessment tool.
Kaniz Fatema; N.A. Zwar; A.H. Milton; B. Rahman; A.S.M.N. Awal; L. Ali. Cardiovascular risk assessment among rural population: findings from a cohort study in a peripheral region of Bangladesh. Public Health 2016, 137, 73 -80.
AMA StyleKaniz Fatema, N.A. Zwar, A.H. Milton, B. Rahman, A.S.M.N. Awal, L. Ali. Cardiovascular risk assessment among rural population: findings from a cohort study in a peripheral region of Bangladesh. Public Health. 2016; 137 ():73-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaniz Fatema; N.A. Zwar; A.H. Milton; B. Rahman; A.S.M.N. Awal; L. Ali. 2016. "Cardiovascular risk assessment among rural population: findings from a cohort study in a peripheral region of Bangladesh." Public Health 137, no. : 73-80.
Aims: There are a number of studies showing that zinc supplementation may improve glucose handling in people with established diabetes. We sought to investigate whether this zinc-dependent improvement in glucose handling could potentially be harnessed to prevent the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes. In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, we determined participants’ fasting blood glucose levels, (FBG) and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) parameters (beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance) at baseline and after 6 months of zinc supplementation. Methods: The Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences Hospital (BIHS) (Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh) database was used to identify 224 patients with prediabetes, of whom 55 met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. The participants were randomized either to the intervention or control group using block randomization. The groups received either 30 mg zinc sulphate dispersible tablet or placebo, once daily for six months. Results: After six months, the intervention group significantly improved their FBG concentration compared to the placebo group (5.37 ± 0.20 mmol/L vs 5.69 ± 0.26, p < 0.001) as well as compared to their own baseline (5.37 ± 0.20 mmol/L vs 5.8 ± 0.09, p < 0.001). Beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance all showed a statistically significant improvement as well. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first trial to show an improvement in glucose handling using HOMA parameters in participants with prediabetes. Larger randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings and to explore clinical endpoints
Rafiqul Islam; John Attia; Liaquat Ali; Mark McEvoy; Shahjada Selim; David Sibbritt; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; Roseanne Peel; Omar Faruque; Tazreen Mona; Hafiza Lona; Abul Hasnat Milton. Zinc supplementation for improving glucose handling in pre-diabetes: A double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2016, 115, 39 -46.
AMA StyleRafiqul Islam, John Attia, Liaquat Ali, Mark McEvoy, Shahjada Selim, David Sibbritt, Ayesha Akhter, Shahnaz Akter, Roseanne Peel, Omar Faruque, Tazreen Mona, Hafiza Lona, Abul Hasnat Milton. Zinc supplementation for improving glucose handling in pre-diabetes: A double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2016; 115 ():39-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafiqul Islam; John Attia; Liaquat Ali; Mark McEvoy; Shahjada Selim; David Sibbritt; Ayesha Akhter; Shahnaz Akter; Roseanne Peel; Omar Faruque; Tazreen Mona; Hafiza Lona; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2016. "Zinc supplementation for improving glucose handling in pre-diabetes: A double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot study." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 115, no. : 39-46.
Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change (CC). A basic understanding of public perception on vulnerability, attitude and the risk in relation to CC and health will provide strategic directions for government policy, adaptation strategies and development of community-based guidelines. The objective of this study was to collect community-based data on peoples' knowledge and perception about CC and its impact on health. In 2012, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 6720 households of 224 enumeration areas of rural villages geographically distributed in seven vulnerable districts of Bangladesh, with total population of 19,228,598. Thirty households were selected randomly from each enumeration area using the household listing provided by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Information was collected from all the 6720 research participants using a structured questionnaire. An observation checklist was used by the interviewers to collect household- and community-related information. In addition, we selected the head of each household as the eligible participant for an interview. Evidence of association between sociodemographic variables and knowledge of CC was explored by cross-tabulation and measured using chi-square tests. Logistic regression models were used to further explore the predictors of knowledge. The study revealed that the residents of the rural communities selected for this study largely come from a low socioeconomic background: only 9.6% had postsecondary education or higher, the majority worked as day labourer or farmer (60%), and only 10% earned a monthly income above BDT 12000 (equivalent to US $150 approx.). The majority of the participants (54.2%) had some knowledge about CC but 45.8% did not (p < 0.001). The majority of knowledgeable participants (n = 3645) felt excessive temperature as the change of climate (83.2%). Among all the respondents (n = 6720), 94.5% perceived change in climate and extreme weather events. Most of them (91.9%) observed change in rainfall patterns in the last 10 years, and 97.8% people think their health care expenditure increased after the extreme weather events. Age, educational qualification, monthly income, and occupation were significantly associated with the knowledge about climate change (p < 0.001). People with higher educational level or who live near a school were more knowledgeable about CC and its impact on health. The knowledge level about CC in our study group was average but the perception and awareness of CC related events and its impact on health was high. The most influential factor leading to understanding of CC and its impact on health was education. School-based intervention could be explored to increase peoples' knowledge about CC and necessary health adaptation at community level.
Iqbal Kabir; Bayzidur Rahman; Wayne Smith; Mirza Afreen Fatima Lusha; Syed Azim; Abul Hasnat Milton. Knowledge and perception about climate change and human health: findings from a baseline survey among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 266 .
AMA StyleIqbal Kabir, Bayzidur Rahman, Wayne Smith, Mirza Afreen Fatima Lusha, Syed Azim, Abul Hasnat Milton. Knowledge and perception about climate change and human health: findings from a baseline survey among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16 (1):266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal Kabir; Bayzidur Rahman; Wayne Smith; Mirza Afreen Fatima Lusha; Syed Azim; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2016. "Knowledge and perception about climate change and human health: findings from a baseline survey among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh." BMC Public Health 16, no. 1: 266.
Arsenic contamination in drinking water has a detrimental impact on human health which profoundly impairs the quality of life. Despite recognition of the adverse health implications of arsenic toxicity, there have been few studies to date to suggest measures that could be taken to overcome arsenic contamination. After the statement in 2000 WHO Bulletin that Bangladesh has been experiencing the largest mass poisoning of population in history, we researched existing literature to assess the magnitude of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. The literature reviewed related research that had been initiated and/or completed since the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) under four domains: (1) extent of arsenic contamination; (2) health consequences; (3) mitigation and technologies and (4) future directions. To this means, a review matrix was established for analysis of previous literature based on these four core domains. Our findings revealed that several high-quality research articles were produced at the beginning of the MDG period, but efforts have dwindled in recent years. Furthermore, there were only a few studies conducted that focused on developing suitable solutions for managing arsenic contamination. Although the government of Bangladesh has made its population’s access to safe drinking water a priority agenda item, there are still pockets of the population that continue to suffer from arsenic toxicity due to contaminated water supplies.
Fakir Md. Yunus; Safayet Khan; Priyanka Chowdhury; Abul Hasnat Milton; Sumaira Hussain; Mahfuzar Rahman. A Review of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: The Millennium Development Goal Era and Beyond. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 215 .
AMA StyleFakir Md. Yunus, Safayet Khan, Priyanka Chowdhury, Abul Hasnat Milton, Sumaira Hussain, Mahfuzar Rahman. A Review of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: The Millennium Development Goal Era and Beyond. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (2):215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFakir Md. Yunus; Safayet Khan; Priyanka Chowdhury; Abul Hasnat Milton; Sumaira Hussain; Mahfuzar Rahman. 2016. "A Review of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: The Millennium Development Goal Era and Beyond." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 2: 215.
Bangladesh is one of the 27 high burden countries for multidrug resistant tuberculosis listed by the World Health Organization. Delay in multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment may allow progression of the disease and affect the attempts to curb transmission of drug resistant tuberculosis. The main objective of this study was to investigate the health system delay in multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment in Bangladesh and to explore the factors related to the delay. Information related to the delay was collected as part of a previously conducted case–control study. The current study restricts analysis to patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis who were diagnosed using rapid diagnostic methods (Xpert MTB/RIF or the line probe assay). Information was collected by face-to-face interviews and through record reviews from all three Government hospitals providing multidrug resistant tuberculosis services, from September 2012 to April 2013. Multivariable regression analysis was performed using Bootstrap variance estimators. Definitions were as follows: Provider delay: time between visiting a provider for first consultation on MDR-TB related symptom to visiting a designated diagnostic centre for testing; Diagnostic delay: time from date of diagnostic sample provided to date of result; Treatment initiation delay: time between the date of diagnosis and date of treatment initiation; Health system delay: time between visiting a provider to start of treatment. Health system delay was derived by adding provider delay, diagnostic delay and treatment initiation delay. The 207 multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients experienced a health system delay of median 7.1 weeks. The health system delay consists of provider delay (median 4 weeks), diagnostic delay (median 5 days) and treatment initiation delay (median 10 days). Health system delay (Coefficient: 37.7; 95 %; CI 15.0–60.4; p 0.003) was associated with the visit to private practitioners for first consultation. Diagnosis time for multidrug resistant tuberculosis was fast using the rapid tests. However, some degree of delay was present in treatment initiation, after diagnosis. The most effective way to reduce health system delay would be through strategies such as engaging private practitioners in multidrug resistant tuberculosis control.
Mahfuza Rifat; John Hall; Christopher Oldmeadow; Ashaque Husain; Abul Hasnat Milton. Health system delay in treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh. BMC Infectious Diseases 2015, 15, 526 .
AMA StyleMahfuza Rifat, John Hall, Christopher Oldmeadow, Ashaque Husain, Abul Hasnat Milton. Health system delay in treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2015; 15 (1):526.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahfuza Rifat; John Hall; Christopher Oldmeadow; Ashaque Husain; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2015. "Health system delay in treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh." BMC Infectious Diseases 15, no. 1: 526.
Introduction and AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate health knowledge, attitudes and smokeless tobacco quit attempts and intentions among married women in rural Bangladesh.Design and MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using an interviewer administered, pretested, semistructured questionnaire. All 8082 women living in the Jhaudi and Ghotmajhee local government areas, aged ≥18 years with at least one pregnancy in their lifetime, were invited to participate. Questions covered smokeless tobacco consumption (STC), knowledge regarding its health effects, users' quit attempts and intentions and sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsEight thousand seventy-four women completed the survey (response rate 99.9%). Almost half (45%) of current consumers thought STC was good for their health and many ascribed medicinal values to it, for example 25% thought STC reduced stomach aches. A quarter had previously tried to quit and 10% intended to quit. After adjusting for potential confounders, inaccurate knowledge of STC health consequences was associated with being older [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.99–3.50], less educated (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.66–2.85), Muslim (aOR = 17.0, 95% CI 12.0–23.9) and unemployed (aOR = 29.7, 95% CI: 25.2–35.1). Having less education (aOR = 2.52, 95% CI 0.98–6.45) and being unemployed (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.03–2.23) were associated with the intention to quit.Discussion and ConclusionsLarge gaps exist in rural Bangladeshi women's understanding of the adverse health effects of STC. Health awareness campaigns should highlight the consequences of STC. Routine screening and cessation advice should be provided in primary healthcare and smokeless tobacco control strategies should be implemented. [MS Hossain, K Kypri, B Rahman, S Akter, AH Milton. Health knowledge and smokeless tobacco quit attempts and intentions among married women in rural Bangladesh: Cross-sectional survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015]
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Shahnaz Akter; Abul Hasnat Milton. Health knowledge and smokeless tobacco quit attempts and intentions among married women in rural Bangladesh: Cross-sectional survey. Drug and Alcohol Review 2015, 35, 514 -522.
AMA StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain, Kypros Kypri, Bayzidur Rahman, Shahnaz Akter, Abul Hasnat Milton. Health knowledge and smokeless tobacco quit attempts and intentions among married women in rural Bangladesh: Cross-sectional survey. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2015; 35 (5):514-522.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Shahnaz Akter; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2015. "Health knowledge and smokeless tobacco quit attempts and intentions among married women in rural Bangladesh: Cross-sectional survey." Drug and Alcohol Review 35, no. 5: 514-522.
A group of 63708 Bangladeshi adults from a rural area were screened in 2011–12 for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk using a questionnaire based tool developed as part of the ‘WHO CVD-RISK Management Package for low-and medium resource setting’. In the current study participants who were found to be high risk and a sample of the not high risk participants from the screening were further characterized clinically and biochemically to explore the burden and determinants of CVD risk factors in a remote rural Bangladeshi population. The high risk participants comprised all 1170 subjects who screened positive in 2011–12 and the not high risk group comprised 563 randomly sampled participants from the 62538 who screened negative. Socio-demographic, behavioral, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical data (glucose and lipids) were collected by standardized procedures. Body Mass Index (BMI) was classified following Asian BMI criteria. Data was analyzed using univariable and multivariable methods. On univariable analysis in high risk and not high risk participants respectively, age in years (M ± SD) was 50 ± 11 for both groups, ratio of male: female was 40:60 and 66:44, current smoking 28.5 % and 50.6 %; smokeless tobacco use 37.1 % and 34.8 %; overweight and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) was 39.1 % and 20.5 %; high waist circumference (WC) 36.1 % and 11.9 %; high waist to hip ratio (WHR) 53.8 % and 26.3 %; and with high waist to height ratio (WHtR) 56.4 % and 28.4 %, existence of hypertension (HTN) was 15.8 % and 3.6 %, pre-HTN 43.8 % and 12.1 %, diabetes (DM) 14.0 % and 10.5 %, pre-DM 16.9 % and 12.1 % and dyslipidaemia 85.8 % and 89.5 %. In multivariable logistic regression analysis female sex, BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR, HTN and dyslipidaemia remain significantly more common among high risk participants (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). The prevalence of clinical and biochemical risk factors of CVDs are quite high even in this rural population and this may be related to the socioeconomic and cultural transition in Bangladeshi society. Surprisingly more of the high risk group was female and there were fewer smokers. Obesity and hypertension were more frequent in high risk participants.
Kaniz Fatema; Nicholas Arnold Zwar; Zebunnesa Zeba; Abul Hasnat Milton; Bayzidur Rahman; Liaquat Ali. Clinical and biochemical characterization of high risk and not high risk for cardiovascular disease adults in a population from peripheral region of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 559 .
AMA StyleKaniz Fatema, Nicholas Arnold Zwar, Zebunnesa Zeba, Abul Hasnat Milton, Bayzidur Rahman, Liaquat Ali. Clinical and biochemical characterization of high risk and not high risk for cardiovascular disease adults in a population from peripheral region of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15 (1):559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaniz Fatema; Nicholas Arnold Zwar; Zebunnesa Zeba; Abul Hasnat Milton; Bayzidur Rahman; Liaquat Ali. 2015. "Clinical and biochemical characterization of high risk and not high risk for cardiovascular disease adults in a population from peripheral region of Bangladesh." BMC Public Health 15, no. 1: 559.
The people of low and middle income countries bear about 80% of the global burden of diseases that are attributable to high blood pressure. Hypertensive people contribute half of this burden; the rest is among the people with lesser degrees of high blood pressure. Prehypertension elevates the risk of CVD, and that of end-stage renal disease. Bangladesh is a developing country, with more than 75% of the population live in rural area. This study aims to determine the prevalence and predictors of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study of major non-communicable disease risk factors (tobacco and alcohol use, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity) was conducted in rural surveillance sites of Bangladesh. In addition to the self-reported information on risk factors, height and weight, and blood pressure were measured during household visits using standard protocols of the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance. The study population included 6,094 men and women aged 25 years and above. Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of prehypertension and hypertension with various factors. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 31.9% and 16.0%, respectively. The men had a higher prevalence (33.6%) of pre-hypertension compared to the women (30.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age [OR 2.30 (1.84-2.87)] and higher BMI [OR 4.67 (3.35-6.51) were positively associated with pre-hypertension. For hypertension, multivariate analysis showed that increasing age [OR 4.48 (3.38-5.94)] and higher BMI (specially the overweight category) was positively associated. Significant linear relationships of prehypertension were found with age [P for trend < 0.0001] and BMI [P for trend < 0.0001]. Linear regression for hypertension shows significant association with age [P for trend < 0.0001] but not with BMI [P for trend 0.3783]. Approximately one third and one-sixth of the adult population of rural Bangladesh are affected with pre-hypertension and hypertension, respectively. This poses a great challenge ahead, as most of the people with pre-hypertension will progress towards hypertension until otherwise undergo in any pharmacological or lifestyle intervention.
Masuma Akter Khanam; Wietze Lindeboom; Abdur Razzaque; Louis Niessen; Abul Hasnat Milton. Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1 -9.
AMA StyleMasuma Akter Khanam, Wietze Lindeboom, Abdur Razzaque, Louis Niessen, Abul Hasnat Milton. Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasuma Akter Khanam; Wietze Lindeboom; Abdur Razzaque; Louis Niessen; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2015. "Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: findings from a community-based study." BMC Public Health 15, no. 1: 1-9.
Early life exposure to inorganic arsenic may be related to adverse health effects in later life. However, there are few data on postnatal arsenic exposure via human milk. In this study, we aimed to determine arsenic levels in human milk and the correlation between arsenic in human milk and arsenic in mothers and infants urine. Between March 2011 and March 2012, this prospective study identified a total of 120 new mother-baby pairs from Kashiani (subdistrict), Bangladesh. Of these, 30 mothers were randomly selected for human milk samples at 1, 6 and 9 months post-natally; the same mother baby pairs were selected for urine sampling at 1 and 6 months. Twelve urine samples from these 30 mother baby pairs were randomly selected for arsenic speciation. Arsenic concentration in human milk was low and non-normally distributed. The median arsenic concentration in human milk at all three time points remained at 0.5 μg/L. In the mixed model estimates, arsenic concentration in human milk was non-significantly reduced by -0.035 μg/L (95% CI: -0.09 to 0.02) between 1 and 6 months and between 6 and 9 months. With the progression of time, arsenic concentration in infant’s urine increased non-significantly by 0.13 μg/L (95% CI: -1.27 to 1.53). Arsenic in human milk at 1 and 6 months was not correlated with arsenic in the infant’s urine at the same time points (r = -0.13 at 1 month and r = -0.09 at 6 month). Arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethyl arsonic acid (MMA), dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA) and arsenobetaine (AsB) were the constituents of total urinary arsenic; DMA was the predominant arsenic metabolite in infant urine. We observed a low arsenic concentration in human milk. The concentration was lower than the World Health Organization’s maximum permissible limit (WHO Permissible Limit 15 μg/kg-bw/week). Our findings support the safety of breastfeeding even in arsenic contaminated areas.
Rafiqul Islam; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Christine Slater; Monirul Islam; Ayesha Akhter; Catherine D’Este; Roseanne Peel; Shahnaz Akter; Wayne Smith; Stephen Begg; Abul Hasnat Milton. Availability of arsenic in human milk in women and its correlation with arsenic in urine of breastfed children living in arsenic contaminated areas in Bangladesh. Environmental Health 2014, 13, 101 .
AMA StyleRafiqul Islam, John Attia, Mohammad Alauddin, Mark McEvoy, Patrick McElduff, Christine Slater, Monirul Islam, Ayesha Akhter, Catherine D’Este, Roseanne Peel, Shahnaz Akter, Wayne Smith, Stephen Begg, Abul Hasnat Milton. Availability of arsenic in human milk in women and its correlation with arsenic in urine of breastfed children living in arsenic contaminated areas in Bangladesh. Environmental Health. 2014; 13 (1):101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafiqul Islam; John Attia; Mohammad Alauddin; Mark McEvoy; Patrick McElduff; Christine Slater; Monirul Islam; Ayesha Akhter; Catherine D’Este; Roseanne Peel; Shahnaz Akter; Wayne Smith; Stephen Begg; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2014. "Availability of arsenic in human milk in women and its correlation with arsenic in urine of breastfed children living in arsenic contaminated areas in Bangladesh." Environmental Health 13, no. 1: 101.
Poor adherence has been identified as the main cause of failure to control hypertension. Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment is a significant cardiovascular risk factor, which often remains unrecognized. There are no previous studies that examined adherence with antihypertensive medication or the characteristics of the non-adherent patients in Bangladesh. This paper aims to describe hypertension and factors affecting adherence to treatment among hypertensive persons in rural Bangladesh. The study population included 29,960 men and women aged 25 years and older from three rural demographic surveillance sites of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b): Matlab, Abhoynagar, and Mirsarai. Data was collected by a cross-sectional design on diagnostic provider, initial, and current treatment. Discontinuation of medication at the time of interview was defined as non-adherence to treatment. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.67%. Qualified providers diagnosed only 53.5% of the hypertension (MBBS doctors 46.1 and specialized doctors 7.4%). Among the unqualified providers, village doctors diagnosed 40.7%, and others (nurse, health worker, paramedic, homeopath, spiritual healer, and pharmacy man) each diagnosed less than 5%. Of those who started treatment upon being diagnosed with hypertension, 26% discontinued the use of medication. Age, sex, education, wealth, and type of provider were independently associated with non-adherence to medication. More men discontinued the treatment than women (odds ratio [OR] 1.74, confidence interval [CI] 1.48–2.04). Non-adherence was greater when hypertension was diagnosed by unqualified providers (OR 1.52, CI 1.31–1.77). Hypertensive patients of older age, least poor quintile, and higher education were less likely to be non-adherent. Patients with cardiovascular comorbidity were also less likely to be non-adherent to antihypertensive medication (OR 0.79, CI 0.64–0.97). Although village doctors diagnose 40% of hypertension, their treatments are associated with a higher rate of non-adherence to medication. The hypertension care practices of the village doctors should be explored by additional research. More emphasis should be placed on men, young people, and people with low education. Health programs focused on education regarding the importance of taking continuous antihypertensive medication is now of utmost importance.
Masuma Akter Khanam; Wietze Lindeboom; Tracey Lynn Perez Koehlmoos; Dewan Alam; Louis Niessen; Abul Hasnat Milton. Hypertension: adherence to treatment in rural Bangladesh – findings from a population-based study. Global Health Action 2014, 7, 25028 -25028.
AMA StyleMasuma Akter Khanam, Wietze Lindeboom, Tracey Lynn Perez Koehlmoos, Dewan Alam, Louis Niessen, Abul Hasnat Milton. Hypertension: adherence to treatment in rural Bangladesh – findings from a population-based study. Global Health Action. 2014; 7 (1):25028-25028.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasuma Akter Khanam; Wietze Lindeboom; Tracey Lynn Perez Koehlmoos; Dewan Alam; Louis Niessen; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2014. "Hypertension: adherence to treatment in rural Bangladesh – findings from a population-based study." Global Health Action 7, no. 1: 25028-25028.
Background: Several animal and human studies have shown that zinc plays a role in reducing depression, but there have been no longitudinal studies in both men and women on this topic. The aim of this study was to investigate dietary zinc, and the zinc to iron ratio, as predictors of incident depression in two large longitudinal studies of mid-age and older Australians. Methods: Data were self-reported, as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women׳s Health (women aged 50–61 years) and Hunter Community Study (men and women aged 55–85 years). Validated food frequency questionnaires were used to assess dietary intake. Energy-adjusted zinc was ranked using quintiles and predictors of incident depression were examined using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Both studies showed an inverse association between dietary zinc intake and risk of depression, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared to those with the lowest zinc intake those with the highest zinc intake had significantly lower odds of developing depression with a reduction of about 30–50%. There was no association between the zinc to iron ratio and developing depression in either study. Limitations: Dietary assessment was carried out only at baseline and although adjustments were made for all known potential confounders, residual confounding cannot be entirely excluded. Conclusions: Low dietary zinc intake is associated with a greater incidence of depression in both men and women, as shown in two prospective cohorts. Further studies into the precise role of zinc compared to other important nutrients from the diet are needed
Khanrin Phungamla Vashum; Mark McEvoy; Abul Hasnat Milton; Patrick McElduff; Alexis Hure; Julie Byles; John Attia. Dietary zinc is associated with a lower incidence of depression: Findings from two Australian cohorts. Journal of Affective Disorders 2014, 166, 249 -257.
AMA StyleKhanrin Phungamla Vashum, Mark McEvoy, Abul Hasnat Milton, Patrick McElduff, Alexis Hure, Julie Byles, John Attia. Dietary zinc is associated with a lower incidence of depression: Findings from two Australian cohorts. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014; 166 ():249-257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanrin Phungamla Vashum; Mark McEvoy; Abul Hasnat Milton; Patrick McElduff; Alexis Hure; Julie Byles; John Attia. 2014. "Dietary zinc is associated with a lower incidence of depression: Findings from two Australian cohorts." Journal of Affective Disorders 166, no. : 249-257.
To estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of smokeless tobacco consumption among married rural women with a history of at least one pregnancy in Madaripur, Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using an interviewer administered, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. All women living in the study area, aged 18 years and above with at least one pregnancy in their lifetime, who were on the electoral roll and agreed to participate were included in the study. Information on socio-demographic characteristics and smokeless tobacco consumption was collected. Smokeless tobacco consumption was categorized as ‘Current’, ‘Ever but not current’ and ‘Never’. Associations between smokeless tobacco consumption and the explanatory variables were estimated using simple and multiple binary logistic regression. 8074 women participated (response rate 99.9%). The prevalence of ‘Current consumption’, ‘Ever consumption but not current’, and ‘Never consumption’ was 25%, 44% and 31%, respectively. The mean age at first use was 31.5 years. 87% of current consumers reported using either Shadapata or Hakimpuree Jarda. Current consumption was associated with age, level of education, religion, occupation, being an income earner, marital status, and age at first use of smokeless tobacco. After adjustment for demographic variables, current consumption was associated with being over 25 years of age, a lower level of education, being an income earner, being Muslim, and being divorced, separated or widowed. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption is high among rural women in Bangladesh and the age of onset is considerably older than that for smoking. Smokeless tobacco consumption is likely to be producing a considerable burden of non-communicable disease in Bangladesh. Smokeless tobacco control strategies should be implemented.
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Iqbal Arslan; Shahnaz Akter; Abul Hasnat Milton. Prevalence and Correlates of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption among Married Women in Rural Bangladesh. PLOS ONE 2014, 9, e84470 .
AMA StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain, Kypros Kypri, Bayzidur Rahman, Iqbal Arslan, Shahnaz Akter, Abul Hasnat Milton. Prevalence and Correlates of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption among Married Women in Rural Bangladesh. PLOS ONE. 2014; 9 (1):e84470.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Iqbal Arslan; Shahnaz Akter; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2014. "Prevalence and Correlates of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption among Married Women in Rural Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 9, no. 1: e84470.
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of smokeless tobacco consumption among the South Asian residents of Sydney, Australia. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a pretested, self‐administered mailed questionnaire among members of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi community associations in Sydney. Of 1600 individuals invited to participate, 419 responded (26%). Prevalence rates of ever consumption, more than 100 times consumption and current consumption were 72.1%, 65.9% and 17.1%, respectively. Men (74.3%) were more likely to ever consume than women (67.6%). Over 96% of consumers reported buying smokeless tobacco products from ethnic shops in Sydney. Current consumption of smokeless tobacco products was associated with country of birth: Indians (odds ratio 5.7, 95% confidence interval 2.3–14.5) and Pakistanis (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5–6.5) were more likely to be current consumers than Bangladeshis after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. For ever consumption, there was a positive association with age (P for trend = 0.013) and male gender (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5–3.1). Given the availability of smokeless tobacco and the high prevalence and potential adverse health consequences of consumption, smokeless tobacco consumption may produce a considerable burden of non‐communicable disease in Australia. Effective control measures are needed, in particular enforcement of existing laws prohibiting the sale of these products. [Hossain MS, Kypri K, Rahman B, Milton AH. Smokeless tobacco consumption in the South Asian population of Sydney, Australia: prevalence, correlates and availability. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:86–92]
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Abul Hasnat Milton. Smokeless tobacco consumption in the South Asian population of Sydney, Australia: prevalence, correlates and availability. Drug and Alcohol Review 2013, 33, 86 -92.
AMA StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain, Kypros Kypri, Bayzidur Rahman, Abul Hasnat Milton. Smokeless tobacco consumption in the South Asian population of Sydney, Australia: prevalence, correlates and availability. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2013; 33 (1):86-92.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Shakhawat Hossain; Kypros Kypri; Bayzidur Rahman; Abul Hasnat Milton. 2013. "Smokeless tobacco consumption in the South Asian population of Sydney, Australia: prevalence, correlates and availability." Drug and Alcohol Review 33, no. 1: 86-92.