Background. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the proportions of individuals infected with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia who develop reactive arthritis. Methods. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing English-language articles published before January 2024, sourced from the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. This review included observational studies that reported the occurrence of reactive arthritis (ReA) among patients with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia infections. Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers. Subsequently, a random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with heterogeneity assessed using the I² value. Additionally, meta-regression was employed to investigate the potential influence of study-level variables on the observed heterogeneity. Results. A total of 87 studies were identified; 23 reported on ReA development after Campylobacter infection, 7 reported on ReA after Escherichia infection, 30 reported ReA onset after salmonellosis, 14 reported ReA after shigellosis, and 13 reported ReA after Yersinia infection. The proportion of Campylobacter patients who developed ReA was 0.03 (95% CI [0.01, 0.06], I² = 97.62%); the proportion of Escherichia patients who developed ReA was 0.01 (95% CI [0.00, 0.06], I² = 92.78%); the proportion of Salmonella patients was 0.04 (95% CI [0.02, 0.08], I² = 97.67%); the proportion of Shigella patients was 0.01 (95% CI [0.01, 0.03], I² = 90.64%); and the proportion of Yersinia patients who developed ReA was 0.05 (95% CI [0.02, 0.13], I² = 96%). Conclusion. A significant proportion of Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cases resulted in ReA. Nonetheless, it is important to interpret the findings cautiously due to the substantial heterogeneity observed between studies.

Bacterial biofilms are a persistent challenge in industrial settings such as water treatment and food processing, contributing to antimicrobial resistance, operational inefficiencies, and environmental burden. Here, we report on the synthesis and multiscale evaluation of hydrogen molybdenum bronze nanosheets (HMB‐NSHs) and their silver‐decorated nanotube derivatives (Ag–decorated HMB‐NTs), produced via an arc discharge method. High‐resolution structural analyses revealed crystalline, ultrathin HMB sheets and tubular architectures adorned with uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles (∼3–5 nm). While HMB‐NSHs were biologically inert, Ag–decorated HMB‐NTs demonstrated potent antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis , inhibiting planktonic growth (75.7%), biofilm formation (77.7%), and biofilm eradication (64.3%) at 25 μg/mL. Complementary SEM and fluorescence microscopy visualizations revealed pronounced morphological membrane damage such as wrinkling, roughening, and biofilm reduction signatures absent in control and HMB‐treated samples, facilitating metal ion deposition and localized oxidative stress. At the molecular level, multiscale computational modeling, including molecular docking, DFT, QTAIM, RDG, and IGM analyses, provided atomic‐resolution insights into dual‐site antibacterial action. The Ag and HMB moieties interact favorably with both the cell‐wall penicillin‐binding protein (PDB ID: 4WO7) and intracellular division regulator FtsZ (PDB ID: 2VAM), forming energetically stable complexes. QTAIM metrics confirmed extensive van der Waals and hydrogen bonding networks with 4WO7, whereas RDG and IGM surfaces visualized dense noncovalent contact regions. Ag–FtsZ interactions, though weaker, suggest possible disruption of cell cycle machinery upon internalization. These findings establish Ag‐decorated HMB‐NTs as a dual‐function nanomaterial: HMB scaffolds promote surface adhesion and stability, whereas Ag enables membrane destabilization and intracellular disruption. Together, these processes highlight membrane damage and protein interference as the primary antibacterial mechanisms, underscoring their potential as a next‐generation antibacterial platform, particularly against biofilm‐forming and industrially relevant bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis .