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John O. Odiyo
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa

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Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Water
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In this study, we report on field testing of ceramic water filters (CWFs) fabricated using a new method of silver application (using silver nitrate as a raw material) compared to conventionally manufactured CWFs (fabricated with silver nanoparticles). Both types of filters were manufactured at the PureMadi ceramic filter production facility in Dertig, South Africa. Thirty households received filters fabricated with silver nitrate (AgNO3), and ten of those households were given an extra filter fabricated with silver nanoparticles. Filter performance was quantified by measurement of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal and silver residual concentration in the effluent. Silver-nitrate CWFs had removal efficiencies for total coliforms and E. coli of 95% and 99%, respectively. A comparison of the performance of silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters showed that the different filters had similar levels of total coliform and E. coli removal, although the silver nitrate filters produced the highest average removal of 97% while silver nanoparticles filters recorded an average removal of 85%. Average effluent silver levels were below 10 ppb for the silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters, which was significantly below the Environmental Protection Agencies of the United States (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) secondary guidelines of 100 ppb. Silver-nitrate filters resulted in the lowest effluent silver concentrations, which could potentially increase the effective life span of the filter. A cost analysis shows that it is more economical to produce CWFs using silver nitrate due to a reduction in raw-material costs and reduced labor costs for production. Furthermore, the production of silver-nitrate filters reduces inhalation exposure of silver by workers. The results obtained from this study will be applied to improve the ceramic filtration technology as a point-of-use (POU) water treatment device and hence reduce health problems associated with microbial contamination of water stored at the household level.

ACS Style

Nkosinobubelo Ndebele; Joshua Edokpayi; John Odiyo; James Smith. Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings. Water 2021, 13, 285 .

AMA Style

Nkosinobubelo Ndebele, Joshua Edokpayi, John Odiyo, James Smith. Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings. Water. 2021; 13 (3):285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nkosinobubelo Ndebele; Joshua Edokpayi; John Odiyo; James Smith. 2021. "Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings." Water 13, no. 3: 285.

Review
Published: 13 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Globally, the changes exerted on the land cover have shown greater impacts on the quality and quantity of water resources and thus affecting catchment’s hydrological response (i.e., runoff, evapotranspiration, infiltration, amongst others). South Africa is a water-scarce country faced with domestic water supply challenges. A systematic review was conducted on the overview impacts of land use/land cover changes on water resources. Despite the country’s best efforts in ensuring the protection and sustainable use of water resources, the review indicated that water quality has been compromised in most parts of the country thus affecting water availability. The increase in water demand with development presents the need for better integrated strategic approaches and a change in behaviour towards water resource and land management. Thus, the review suggested a few possible solutions that will promote sustainable development, while protecting and preserving the integrity of South African water resources.

ACS Style

Mary Nkosi; Fhumulani Mathivha; John Odiyo. Impact of Land Management on Water Resources, a South African Context. Sustainability 2021, 13, 701 .

AMA Style

Mary Nkosi, Fhumulani Mathivha, John Odiyo. Impact of Land Management on Water Resources, a South African Context. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary Nkosi; Fhumulani Mathivha; John Odiyo. 2021. "Impact of Land Management on Water Resources, a South African Context." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 701.

Preprint
Published: 28 October 2020
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The urgency to address the adverse impacts of climate change on livelihoods and ecosystems has seen an increase in global driven initiatives. However, shifting vulnerabilities associated with land use resource based adaptation and maladaptive feedback loops they create have been given low attention. Policy discourses that frame adaptation as a local responsibility and bias towards reducing industrial Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the expense of Agricultural emissions across scale are thought to account for the undesirable situation. This calls for a reflective policy framework and climate policy innovation. We provide counter arguments using Drivers, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) model and telecoupling principles to suggest use of resilience as an integrative lens in visualising the proposal. Using a case study on resource constrained smallholder dairy production systems, western Kenya, we analyse the critical issues in the context of decision making and environmental externalities. The effect of price risks on dairy cattle feeding strategies and ultimately carbon footprints and ecoefficiencies were examined through methane simulation and gross margin analysis (GM). The lowest ecoefficiency was associated with exclusively local coping strategies i.e. Maize Stover (Ms), while the highest ecoefficiency was observed in feeding strategies that utilise external resources and/or legume fodders. We conclude that management of externalities need to capture institutional, economic processes and incentive systems, as well as organizational and policy coherence to shape the interests and behaviour of individual land user. In particular, policy innovation should focus on price and market risks as critical factors that mediate actor decision making at implementation level as they impact GHG emissions which transcend individual decision boundaries.

ACS Style

Tom Volenzo; John Odiyo. Unpacking the Nexus between Policy Field, Risk Management and Environmental Externalities in Adaptation Planning: The Case of Smallholder Farmer Production Systems, Western Kenya. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Tom Volenzo, John Odiyo. Unpacking the Nexus between Policy Field, Risk Management and Environmental Externalities in Adaptation Planning: The Case of Smallholder Farmer Production Systems, Western Kenya. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom Volenzo; John Odiyo. 2020. "Unpacking the Nexus between Policy Field, Risk Management and Environmental Externalities in Adaptation Planning: The Case of Smallholder Farmer Production Systems, Western Kenya." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Clearance of terrestrial wetland vegetation and rainfall variations affect biodiversity. The rainfall trend–NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) relationship was examined to assess the extent to which rainfall affects vegetation productivity within Nylsvley, Ramsar site in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Daily rainfall data measured from eight rainfall stations between 1950 and 2016 were used to generate seasonal and annual rainfall data. Mann-Kendall and quantile regression were applied to assess trends in rainfall data. NDVI was derived from satellite images from between 1984 and 2003 using Zonal statistics and correlated with rainfall of the same period to assess vegetation dynamics. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator showed only one station had a significant increasing rainfall trend annually and seasonally at p < 0.05, whereas all the other stations showed insignificant trends in both rainfall seasons. Quantile regression showed 50% and 62.5% of the stations had increasing annual and seasonal rainfall, respectively. Of the stations, 37.5% were statistically significant at p < 0.05, indicating increasing and decreasing rainfall trends. These rainfall trends show that the rainfall of Nylsvley decreased between 1995 and 2003. The R2 between rainfall and NDVI of Nylsvley is 55% indicating the influence of rainfall variability on vegetation productivity. The results underscore the impact of decadal rainfall patterns on wetland ecosystem change.

ACS Style

Florence Murungweni; Onisimo Mutanga; John Odiyo. Rainfall Trend and Its Relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in a Restored Semi-Arid Wetland of South Africa. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8919 .

AMA Style

Florence Murungweni, Onisimo Mutanga, John Odiyo. Rainfall Trend and Its Relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in a Restored Semi-Arid Wetland of South Africa. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8919.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Murungweni; Onisimo Mutanga; John Odiyo. 2020. "Rainfall Trend and Its Relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in a Restored Semi-Arid Wetland of South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8919.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial (Escherichia coliform (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.

ACS Style

John Ogony Odiyo; Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni; Rachel Makungo. Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6912 .

AMA Style

John Ogony Odiyo, Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni, Rachel Makungo. Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6912.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Ogony Odiyo; Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni; Rachel Makungo. 2020. "Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6912.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Minerals
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The demand for kaolinitic clays for various industrial applications is increasing globally. The present study evaluated the potential industrial applications of kaolins from the Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. The colour, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), particle size distribution (PSD), plastic limits and liquid limits of the kaolins were determined. Mineralogical properties were assessed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The chemical compositions of the kaolins were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The kaolins were generally acidic, with pH less than 7 with low EC. The moderate plasticity indices (PI ≥ 10%) for the kaolins suggested their potential use in the manufacturing of structural clay products without extrusion. Kaolinite was the only kaolin mineral present with anhedral–subhedral–euhedral crystals. The platy morphology of the kaolinites in the Cretaceous kaolins are very important in paper production. Other minerals present in the kaolins were quartz, muscovite, anatase and goethite. The major oxide contents of the kaolins were dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2. Based on chemical specifications, the raw kaolins are not suitable for most industrial applications except for the Cretaceous Lakiri kaolins in the paper and ceramic industries (except for TiO2 and K2O content). The study concluded that the kaolin deposits would require beneficiation for large-scale industrial applications.

ACS Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo; Georges-Ivo Ekosse; John Odiyo. Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications. Minerals 2020, 10, 670 .

AMA Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, John Odiyo. Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications. Minerals. 2020; 10 (8):670.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo; Georges-Ivo Ekosse; John Odiyo. 2020. "Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications." Minerals 10, no. 8: 670.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The deliberate consumption of earthly materials is a universally recognised habit with health benefits and risks to those that practice it. Thirteen (13) samples comprising of six (6) Cretaceous and seven (7) Paleogene/Neogene geophagic kaolinitic materials, respectively, were collected and analysed for trace element concentrations (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Fe), and possible risk on consumers’ health. The trace element compositions were obtained using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analytical methods. Based on their average concentrations, Fe > V > Cr > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cu > Co and Fe > V > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co for the Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene geophagic clays, respectively. Iron concentrations were significantly higher in Paleogene/Neogene geophagic clays than in Cretaceous geophagic clays. The nutritional value of Cu and Zn were lower whereas, Cr and Fe were higher than the recommended dietary intake. The index of geoaccumulation (0 < Igeo ≤ 1) showed that the geophagic materials were uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by the trace elements. The overall hazard indices (HI) for non-carcinogenic effects showed that the geophagic clays pose threat to children (HI > 1) and no threat to adults (HI < 1) health. However, the carcinogenic risk indices (CRI) for Cr, Ni, and Pb were within acceptable cancer risks (10−6 < CRI < 10−4) for children and adults. Hence, based on the trace element s HI and CRI, this study concluded that the consumption of Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene geophagic kaolinitic clays poses no risks to adult health but children might suffer health risk if the geophagic clays are not beneficiated before ingestion.

ACS Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo; Georges-Ivo Ekosse; John Odiyo. Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4813 .

AMA Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, John Odiyo. Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olaonipekun Oyebanjo; Georges-Ivo Ekosse; John Odiyo. 2020. "Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4813.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Sustainability
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The present decade of Sustainable Development Goals has influenced higher educational institutions to assess and harness their great potential for waste diversion, recovery, and recycling. Institutional solid waste management in South Africa as a developing economy is yet to receive the required attention compared to developed countries. The measurement of the characteristics, and composition of solid waste is a fundamental pre-requisite towards creating a sustainable and viable process of solid waste management systems across institutions as this provides adequate and reliable information on the waste generated. This study aimed to determine the variations of waste components in the University of Venda (UNIVEN) by characterisation of the waste generated. Solid waste samples were collected from key activity areas and characterised using the ASTM D5321-92 method for unprocessed municipal solid waste. The recyclable, compostable, and non-recoverable components of the waste generated were found to be 61.7%, 34.4%, and 3.9%, respectively. The results of the waste audit revealed a strong potential for recycling in the institution (61.7%). This would decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills and enable the monetisation of the recyclable waste recovered from the waste stream, in this manner prompting a circular economy and a sustainable campus thereby lowering the waste footprint of higher education institutions.

ACS Style

Oluwatobi Owojori; Joshua Edokpayi; Ratshalingwa Mulaudzi; John Odiyo. Characterisation, Recovery and Recycling Potential of Solid Waste in a University of a Developing Economy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5111 .

AMA Style

Oluwatobi Owojori, Joshua Edokpayi, Ratshalingwa Mulaudzi, John Odiyo. Characterisation, Recovery and Recycling Potential of Solid Waste in a University of a Developing Economy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluwatobi Owojori; Joshua Edokpayi; Ratshalingwa Mulaudzi; John Odiyo. 2020. "Characterisation, Recovery and Recycling Potential of Solid Waste in a University of a Developing Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5111.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Geothermal springs are natural geological phenomena that occur throughout the world. South Africa is blessed with several springs of this nature. Limpopo province contains 31% of all geothermal springs in the country. The springs are classified according to the residing mountain: Soutpansberg, Waterberg and Drakensberg. This study focused on the geothermal springs within the Soutpansberg region; that is, Mphephu, Siloam, Sagole and Tshipise. The study was aimed at assessing the occurrence and potential health risk associated with drinking water from geothermal springs within Soutpansberg. Geothermal springs and boreholes were sampled for a period of 12 months (May 2017–May 2018) to accommodate two major seasons in the study areas. The physicochemical and trace metal compositions of the geothermal springs and boreholes (tepid and hot) were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC) (Dionex Model DX 500) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Trace metal concentrations of the geothermal springs and boreholes were within permissible drinking water guidelines by the South African National Standards (SANS) and World Health Organisation (WHO), with exception of mercury (Hg), which is high in summer season. The bioaccumulation from regular consumption could, however, result in negative effects. Pearson’s correlation revealed that there is a direct relationship between temperature and pH, and some of the trace metals (V, Zn, Hg, Pb). This implies dissolution of minerals (rock-water interaction) under slightly high temperature. Multivariate statistics further elucidate the relationship and possible sources of the trace metals. Therefore, it can be inferred that the rock-water interaction is the main geochemical process governing the release of trace metals in groundwater. Hazard Index values for both children and adults were higher than 1, and this implies that the communities are at high risk of non-cancer health effects. Further, As, Cr and Cd were found to be the highest contributors to the potential cancer risk in the study areas, with children having a higher risk than adults. Therefore, there is a need for clinical/epidemiological study, and regular monitoring and control measures, to verify actual prevalence of cancer and protect human health, particularly the children, within the study areas.

ACS Style

Olatunde Samod Durowoju; Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse; John Ogony Odiyo. Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4438 .

AMA Style

Olatunde Samod Durowoju, Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse, John Ogony Odiyo. Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olatunde Samod Durowoju; Georges-Ivo Ekosse Ekosse; John Ogony Odiyo. 2020. "Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Geothermal Springs within Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4438.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Forecasting extreme hydrological events is critical for drought risk and efficient water resource management in semi-arid environments that are prone to natural hazards. This study aimed at forecasting drought conditions in a semi-arid region in north-eastern South Africa. The Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) was used as a drought-quantifying parameter. Data for SPEI formulation for eight weather stations were obtained from South Africa Weather Services. Forecasting of the SPEI was achieved by using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) at 1, 6, and 12 month timescales. Time series decomposition was done to reduce time series complexities, and variable selection was done using Lasso. Mild drought conditions were found to be more prevalent in the study area compared to other drought categories. Four models were developed to forecast drought in the Luvuvhu River Catchment (i.e., GAM, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)-GAM, EEMD-Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)-GAM, and Forecast Quantile Regression Averaging (fQRA)). At the first two timescales, fQRA forecasted the test data better than the other models, while GAMs were best at the 12 month timescale. Root Mean Square Error values of 0.0599, 0.2609, and 0.1809 were shown by fQRA and GAM at the 1, 6, and 12 month timescales, respectively. The study findings demonstrated the strength of GAMs in short- and medium-term drought forecasting.

ACS Style

Fhumulani Mathivha; Caston Sigauke; Hector Chikoore; John Odiyo. Short-Term and Medium-Term Drought Forecasting Using Generalized Additive Models. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4006 .

AMA Style

Fhumulani Mathivha, Caston Sigauke, Hector Chikoore, John Odiyo. Short-Term and Medium-Term Drought Forecasting Using Generalized Additive Models. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fhumulani Mathivha; Caston Sigauke; Hector Chikoore; John Odiyo. 2020. "Short-Term and Medium-Term Drought Forecasting Using Generalized Additive Models." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4006.

Article
Published: 10 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study reports on the assessment of the growth potential of five edible vegetables, which were grown in Cr(VI) spiked soils. The vegetable plants that were used in this study were Vigna angularis, Cicer arietinum, Spinacia oleracea, Amaranthus dubius Thell and Phaseolus vulgaris. Dried ground samples from roots, stems and leaves were analysed for various oxidation states of Cr. The daily intake of chromium, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods were employed to assess the potential human health risks posed by these Cr oxidation states through vegetable consumption. The results showed that Vigna angularis was the only vegetable that germinated in highly concentrated Cr(VI) in the simulated soil (456 mg/kg). The highest total chromium (ChT) bioaccumulated in the roots was found in Phaseolus vulgaris at 0.8. The highest ChT translocation factor in the stem was that of Cicer arietinum and Vigna angularis at 0.30. The same plants translocated the highest ChT to the leaf at 0.7. A child or an adult consuming such contaminated Cicer arietinum vegetables were likely to take in between 508 and 785 mg/day of ChT, which are above the World Health Organisation guidelines of 220 and 340 mg/day, respectively. The highest HQ was found in Cicer arietinum at 8.7 and 13.4 for adults and children, respectively. The same species of plants also had high HI at 17.4 and 27.2 for adults and children, respectively. This indicated that consumers of the edible vegetables grown in Cr(VI) rich soils may be exposed to health risks, and the children were more likely to be vulnerable to these adverse effects than the adults.

ACS Style

Richard Oruko Ongon’G; Joshua N. Edokpayi; Titus A. M. Msagati; Nikita T. Tavengwa; Grace N. Ijoma; John O. Odiyo. The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetables Grown on Cr(VI) Polluted Soils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 470 .

AMA Style

Richard Oruko Ongon’G, Joshua N. Edokpayi, Titus A. M. Msagati, Nikita T. Tavengwa, Grace N. Ijoma, John O. Odiyo. The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetables Grown on Cr(VI) Polluted Soils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Oruko Ongon’G; Joshua N. Edokpayi; Titus A. M. Msagati; Nikita T. Tavengwa; Grace N. Ijoma; John O. Odiyo. 2020. "The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetables Grown on Cr(VI) Polluted Soils." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 470.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2019 in Climate
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The failure to acknowledge and account for environmental externalities or spillovers in climate change adaptation policy, advocacy, and programming spaces exacerbate the risk of ecological degradation, and more so, the degradation of land. The use of unsuitable water sources for irrigation may increase salinisation risks. However, few if any policy assessments and research efforts have been directed at investigating how farmer perceptions mediate spillovers from the ubiquitous irrigation adaptation strategy. In this study, the cognitive failure and/or bias construct is examined and proposed as an analytical lens in research, policy, and learning and the convergence of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation discourses. A cross-sectional survey design and multistage stratified sampling were used to collect data from 69 households. To elicit the environmental impacts of irrigation practices, topsoil and subsoils from irrigated and non-irrigated sites were sampled and analysed using AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). A generalised linear logistic weight estimation procedure was used to analyse the perception of risks while an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse changes in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The findings from small-scale farmers in Machakos and Kakamega counties, Kenya, suggest multifaceted biases and failures about the existence and importance of externalities in adaptation planning discourses. Among other dimensions, a cognitive failure which encompasses fragmented approaches among institutions for use and management of resources, inadequate policy. and information support, as well as the poor integration of actors in adaptation planning accounts for adaptation failure. The failures in such human–environment system interactions have the potential to exacerbate the existing vulnerability of farmer production systems in the long run. The findings further suggest that in absence of risk message information dissemination, education level, farming experience, and information accumulation, as integral elements to human capital, do not seem to have a significant effect on behaviour concerning the mitigation of environmental spillovers. Implicitly, reversing the inherent adaptation failures calls for system approaches that enhance coordinated adaptation planning, prioritise the proactive mitigation of slow-onset disaster risks, and broadens decision support systems such as risk information dissemination integration, into the existing adaptation policy discourses and practice.

ACS Style

Volenzo Tom Elijah; John O. Odiyo. Perception of Environmental Spillovers Across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya. Climate 2019, 8, 3 .

AMA Style

Volenzo Tom Elijah, John O. Odiyo. Perception of Environmental Spillovers Across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya. Climate. 2019; 8 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Volenzo Tom Elijah; John O. Odiyo. 2019. "Perception of Environmental Spillovers Across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya." Climate 8, no. 1: 3.

Review
Published: 20 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Numerous pollutants, including dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, and microorganisms, are found in wastewater and have great consequences when discharged onto natural freshwater sources. Heavy metals are predominantly reported in wastewater. Heavy metals are persistent, non-biodegradable and toxic, transforming from a less toxic form to more toxic forms in environmental media under favourable conditions. Among heavy metals, copper is dominantly found in wastewater effluent. In this review, the effects of high concentration of copper in plants and living tissues of both aquatic animals and humans are identified. The performance of different polymer adsorbents and the established optimum conditions to assess the resultant remediation effect as well as the amount of copper removed are presented. This procedure allows the establishment of a valid conclusion of reduced time and improved Cu (II) ion removal in association with recent nano-polymer adsorbents. Nano-polymer composites are therefore seen as good candidates for remediation of Cu ions while pH range 5–6 and room temperature were mostly reported for optimum performance. The optimum conditions reported can be applied for other metal remediation and development of potent novel adsorbents and process conditions.

ACS Style

Rebecca O. Adeeyo; Joshua N. Edokpayi; Olugbenga S. Bello; Adeyemi O. Adeeyo; John O. Odiyo. Influence of Selective Conditions on Various Composite Sorbents for Enhanced Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4596 .

AMA Style

Rebecca O. Adeeyo, Joshua N. Edokpayi, Olugbenga S. Bello, Adeyemi O. Adeeyo, John O. Odiyo. Influence of Selective Conditions on Various Composite Sorbents for Enhanced Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca O. Adeeyo; Joshua N. Edokpayi; Olugbenga S. Bello; Adeyemi O. Adeeyo; John O. Odiyo. 2019. "Influence of Selective Conditions on Various Composite Sorbents for Enhanced Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4596.

Review article
Published: 16 November 2019 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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In sub-Saharan Africa, chromium tanning during leather processing constitute one of the significant sources of large amounts of hazardous solid and liquid waste. The release of chromium with high poisonous quality and portability still remains a big concern for any ecosystems. Poor or improper management of chromium-rich wastes can result in irreversible damage to the environment and constitute a public health hazard. With an increased public concern, strict legislative control and ecological awareness, there is increased interest in eco-friendly technologies to minimize the production and management of chromium wastes from leather industries. In line with these emerging paradigms of environmental responsibility and sustainable development, the focus of this review is to explore contemporary sustainable alternative tanning techniques available globally that can be applied to partially and/or completely replace traditional chromium tanning commonly used in sub Saharan Africa. In detail, this paper critically highlights on the emerging body of knowledge and research on chromium minimization, recycling and/or re-use of chromium waste in the context of applicability and legislative framework to make tanneries in sub Saharan African countries be eco-friendly and competitive in global leather market.

ACS Style

R.O. Oruko; R. Selvarajan; H.J.O. Ogola; J.N. Edokpayi; John Ogony Odiyo. Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2019, 133, 369 -386.

AMA Style

R.O. Oruko, R. Selvarajan, H.J.O. Ogola, J.N. Edokpayi, John Ogony Odiyo. Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019; 133 ():369-386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R.O. Oruko; R. Selvarajan; H.J.O. Ogola; J.N. Edokpayi; John Ogony Odiyo. 2019. "Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 133, no. : 369-386.

Preprint
Published: 04 November 2019
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This study reports on the assessment of the growth potential of five edible vegetables which were grown in Cr (VI) spiked soils. The vegetable plants that were used in this study were Vigna angularis, Cicer arietinum, Spinacia oleracea, Amaranthus dubius Thell and Phaseolus vulgaris. Dried ground samples from roots, stems and leaves were analysed for various oxidation states of Cr. The daily intake of chromium (DIC), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods were employed to assess the potential human health risks posed by these Cr oxidation states through vegetable consumption. The results showed that Vigna angularis was the only vegetable that germinated in highly concentrated Cr (VI) in the simulated soil (456 mg/kg). The highest bioaccumulation factor of CrT in the roots was found in Cicer arietinum at 3.5 ± 0.51 mg/kg DW. The highest translocation factor in stem was that of Cicer arietinum and Vigna angularis at 1.0 ± 0.00, while Cicer arietinum and Spinacia oleracea translocated highest Cr to the leaf at 2.1 ± 0.21. A child or an adult consuming such contaminated Cicer arietinum were likely to take in between 508 -785 mg/kg/day of total Cr which were above the World Health Organisation guidelines of 220 and 340 mg/kg/day, respectively. The highest HQ was found in Cicer arietinum at 8.7 and 13.4 for adults and children, respectively. The same species of plants had also high HI at 17.4 and 27.2 for adults and children respectively. This indicated that consumers of the edible vegetables grown in Cr (VI) rich soil may be exposed to health risks and the children were more likely to be vulnerable to these adverse effects than the adult.

ACS Style

Richard Oruko; Joshua Edokpayi; Titus Msagati; Tavengwa Nikita; Grace Ijoma; John Odiyo. The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetable Grown on Cr (VI) Simulated Soils. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Richard Oruko, Joshua Edokpayi, Titus Msagati, Tavengwa Nikita, Grace Ijoma, John Odiyo. The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetable Grown on Cr (VI) Simulated Soils. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Oruko; Joshua Edokpayi; Titus Msagati; Tavengwa Nikita; Grace Ijoma; John Odiyo. 2019. "The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetable Grown on Cr (VI) Simulated Soils." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 27 October 2019
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The failure to acknowledge and account for environmental externalities or spillovers in climate change adaptation policy, advocacy and programming spaces exercabates the risk of ecological degradation, more so, degradation of land. In particular use of unsuitable water sources for irrigation may increase salinisation risks. However, little if any policy assessments and research effort has been directed at investigating how farmer perceptions mediate spillovers from the ubiquitous irrigation adaptation strategy. In this study cognitive failure and/or bias construct is examined and proposed as an analytical lens in research, policy and learning and the convergence of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation discourses. The findings from small-scale farmers, Machakos and Kakamega counties, Kenya, suggest multifaceted biases and failures about the existence and importance of externalities in adaptation planning discourses. Among other dimensions, cognitive failure which encompasses fragmented approaches among institutions for use and management of resources, inadequate policy and information support, as well as, poor integration of actors in adaptation planning accounts for adaptation failure. The failures in such Human-Environment system interactions have the potential to exercabate existing vulnerability of farmer production systems in the long run. The findings further suggest that in absence of risk message information dissemination, education level, farming experience and information accumulation, as integral elements to human capital, do not seem to have significant effect on behaviour about mitigation of environmental spillovers. Implicitly, reversing the inherent adaptation failures calls for system approaches that enhance coordinated adaptation planning, prioritises proactive mitigation of slow onset disaster risks and broadens decision support systems, such as, risk information dissemination integration into the existing adaptation policy discourses and practice.

ACS Style

Tom Volenzo; John Odiyo. Perception of Environmental Spillovers across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Tom Volenzo, John Odiyo. Perception of Environmental Spillovers across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom Volenzo; John Odiyo. 2019. "Perception of Environmental Spillovers across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
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ACS Style

Abimbola Enitan; N. Mutileni; John Ogony Odiyo; F. M. Swalaha; J. N Edokpayi. Hydrochemical, bacteriological assessment, and classification of groundwater quality in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa: potential health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2019, 26, 2044 -2058.

AMA Style

Abimbola Enitan, N. Mutileni, John Ogony Odiyo, F. M. Swalaha, J. N Edokpayi. Hydrochemical, bacteriological assessment, and classification of groundwater quality in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa: potential health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2019; 26 (8):2044-2058.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abimbola Enitan; N. Mutileni; John Ogony Odiyo; F. M. Swalaha; J. N Edokpayi. 2019. "Hydrochemical, bacteriological assessment, and classification of groundwater quality in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa: potential health risk." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, no. 8: 2044-2058.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2019 in Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
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ACS Style

Tom E. Volenzo; John O. Odiyo. Linking risk communication and sustainable climate change action: A conceptual framework. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 2019, 11, 703 .

AMA Style

Tom E. Volenzo, John O. Odiyo. Linking risk communication and sustainable climate change action: A conceptual framework. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 2019; 11 (1):703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom E. Volenzo; John O. Odiyo. 2019. "Linking risk communication and sustainable climate change action: A conceptual framework." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 11, no. 1: 703.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2019 in Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
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Effective adaptation action to climate change requires a balance between reducing vulnerabilities and managing risks. However, in most adaptation actions, risks such as greenhouse gas emissions, and those that impose negative externalities on global communities and ecosystems, are often overlooked. This article contextualises adaptation of maize stover (MS) as a dairy cattle feed among resource-poor farmers in western Kenya. In so doing, it attempts to establish the nexus between resource constraint and maladaptation to climate change. Simulation of methane emissions was carried out from secondary data and a survey of dairy cattle feeding strategies by resource-poor farmers. The level of greenhouse gas emissions in dairy feeding strategies is used as a measure and indicator of sustainability. Using disaster risk reduction principles, policymakers and community of practice in climate change action are encouraged to design and implement policies and strategies that take cognisance of poverty-maladaptation-environmental degradation nexus.

ACS Style

Tom E. Volenzo; John O. Odiyo; John Obiri. Greenhouse gas emissions as sustainability indicators in agricultural sectors' adaptation to climate change: Policy implications. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 2019, 11, 576 .

AMA Style

Tom E. Volenzo, John O. Odiyo, John Obiri. Greenhouse gas emissions as sustainability indicators in agricultural sectors' adaptation to climate change: Policy implications. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 2019; 11 (1):576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom E. Volenzo; John O. Odiyo; John Obiri. 2019. "Greenhouse gas emissions as sustainability indicators in agricultural sectors' adaptation to climate change: Policy implications." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 11, no. 1: 576.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The by-products of solid waste deposited in a landfill has adverse effects on the surrounding environment and humans living closer to landfill sites. This study sought to test the hypothesis that the deposition of waste on landfill has an impact on the surrounding environment and residents living closer to it. This was achieved by evaluating the perception of the respondents drawn from people living close (100–500 m) and far (1–2 km) from the landfill site, concerning environmental issues, health problems, and life satisfaction. Results from the study showed that 78% of participants living closer to the landfill site indicated serious contamination of air quality evident from bad odours linked to the landfill site. Illnesses such as flu, eye irritation and weakness of the body were frequently reported by participants living closer to the landfill than those living far from the landfill. More than half of the participants (56%) living closer to the landfill indicated fear of their health in the future. Thus, the participants living closer to the landfill site were less satisfied with the location of their community with respect to the landfill, than those living far from the landfill site. Therefore, the need for a landfill gas (LFG) utilisation system, proper daily covering of waste and odour diluting agents are necessary to reduce the problems of the residents living closer to the landfill site.

ACS Style

Prince O. Njoku; Joshua N. Edokpayi; John O. Odiyo. Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2125 .

AMA Style

Prince O. Njoku, Joshua N. Edokpayi, John O. Odiyo. Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (12):2125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prince O. Njoku; Joshua N. Edokpayi; John O. Odiyo. 2019. "Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2125.