Efficient beam steerable high-gain antennas enable high-speed data rates over long-distance networks, including wireless backhaul, satellite communications (SATCOM), and SATCOM On-the-Move. These characteristics are essential for advancing contemporary wireless communication networks, particularly within 5G and beyond. Various beam steering solutions have been proposed in the literature, with passive beam steering mechanisms employing planar metasurfaces emerging as cost-effective, power-efficient, and compact options. These attributes make them well-suited for use in confined spaces, large-scale production and widespread distribution to meet the demands of the mass market. Utilizing a dual-band antenna terminal setup is often advantageous for full duplex communication in wireless systems. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of the dual-band beam steering techniques for enabling full-duplex communication in modern wireless systems, highlighting their design methodologies, scanning mechanisms, physical characteristics, and constraints. Despite the advantages of planar metasurface-based beam steering solutions, the literature on dual-band beam steering antennas supporting full duplex communication is limited. This review article identifies research gaps and outlines future directions for developing economically feasible passive dual-band beam steering solutions for mass deployment.

This letter proposes a near-field dual-band printed metasurface (DBPM) to realise a high-gain front-end antenna for full-duplex Ka-Band communication systems. The base of the antenna is a shortened horn, and DBPM is placed on its face to improve uniformity in its near-field phase distribution. The fundamental cell of the DBPM uses two distinct resonating elements, a cross slot, and a square slot, to have independent phase control at both frequency bands, increasing the gain of the horn and resulting in half the length of the antenna system as compared to a conventional horn antenna with a similar gain value. Measurements of the prototype reveal outstanding radiation performance, with a wider 3-dB gain bandwidth of almost 15% at the lower frequency band and 3% at the higher frequency band. Furthermore, the antenna gain is increased by 12-13 dB in each band. The total longitudinal height of the antenna, including the DBPM, is $2.5\lambda _{L}$ and $3.75\lambda _{H}$ , where $\lambda _{L}$ and $\lambda _{H}$ are the free space wavelengths at the lower and higher frequencies, respectively, while the aperture diameter is 8.4 $\lambda _{H}$ . The motivation of this research aligns with the demands of modern connectivity solutions, providing a simplified manufacturing approach for designing compact and full-duplex high-gain antenna systems.

Efficient beam steerable high-gain antennas enable high-speed data rates over long-distance networks, including wireless backhaul, satellite communications (SATCOM), and SATCOM On-the-Move. These characteristics are essential for advancing contemporary wireless communication networks, particularly within 5G and beyond. Various beam-steering solutions have been proposed in the literature, with passive beam-steering mechanisms employing planar metasurfaces emerging as cost-effective, power-efficient, and compact options. These attributes make them well-suited for use in confined spaces, large-scale production and widespread distribution to meet the demands of the mass market. Utilizing a dual-band antenna terminal setup is often advantageous for full duplex communication in wireless systems. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of the dual-band beam steering techniques for enabling full-duplex communication in modern wireless systems, highlighting their design methodologies, scanning mechanisms, physical characteristics, and constraints. Despite the advantages of planar metasurface-based beam steering solutions, literature on dual-band beam steering antennas supporting full duplex communication is limited. This review article identifies research gaps and outlines future directions for developing economically feasible passive dual-band beam-steering solutions for mass deployment.

This article presents an efficient near-field meta-steering antenna design using metasurfaces composed of waveguide-type, all-metal cells to achieve beam steering in both azimuth and elevation planes. The inherent rigidity of metallic metasurfaces at high temperatures ensures robust performance while maintaining the mechanical stability offered by the waveguide-based framework. The use of shielded cells in the metasurface design helps mitigate pattern variations caused by mutual coupling among cells. The Jerusalem cross slots used in the cells are polarization-insensitive and utilise a phase delay technique to tune the cell phase response. Experimental results demonstrate a steering range of ±34° in the elevation plane and a complete 360-degree coverage in the azimuth plane. The antenna exhibits a planar profile with metasurfaces placed in the near field directly over a waveguide adapter and has an overall height of 75 mm (3λ _o ) at 12 GHz design frequency. Regardless of the rotation of the metasurfaces, the antenna is matched from 11.3 to 12.8 GHz, whereas the 3 dB gain bandwidth is 700 MHz (11.9-12.6 GHz).

Robert Goodwin said, “One reason people resist change is because they focus on what they have to give up instead of what they have to gain.” This article brings together some of the many accomplished women from Pakistan. These ladies are working across the globe (indicated on the map in Figure 1 ). They share their efforts and one of their points in life where they faced hesitation and how they managed to overcome that hesitation. Such stories are a means of motivation for women facing different challenges across the world. These stories give us a lesson that, once given a chance, these hurdles can be reduced in a woman’s life, and anything can be accomplished.