Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems are considered a powerful tool for physicians to support identification of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) using medical imaging modalities. Therefore, this article proposes a new framework of cascaded deep learning classifiers to enhance the performance of these CAD systems for highly suspected COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in X-ray images. Our proposed deep learning framework constitutes two major advancements as follows. First, complicated multi-label classification of X-ray images have been simplified using a series of binary classifiers for each tested case of the health status. That mimics the clinical situation to diagnose potential diseases for a patient. Second, the cascaded architecture of COVID-19 and pneumonia classifiers is flexible to use different fine-tuned deep learning models simultaneously, achieving the best performance of confirming infected cases. This study includes eleven pre-trained convolutional neural network models, such as Visual Geometry Group Network (VGG) and Residual Neural Network (ResNet). They have been successfully tested and evaluated on public X-ray image dataset for normal and three diseased cases. The results of proposed cascaded classifiers showed that VGG16, ResNet50V2, and Dense Neural Network (DenseNet169) models achieved the best detection accuracy of COVID-19, viral (Non-COVID-19) pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia images, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of our cascaded deep learning classifiers is superior to other multi-label classification methods of COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in previous studies. Therefore, the proposed deep learning framework presents a good option to be applied in the clinical routine to assist the diagnostic procedures of COVID-19 infection.

Ensemble Learning (EL) has been used for almost ten years to classify heart diseases, but it is still difficult to grasp how the “black boxes”, or non-interpretable models, behave inside. Predicting heart disease is crucial to healthcare, since it allows for prompt diagnosis and treatment of the patient’s true state. Nonetheless, it is still difficult to forecast illness with any degree of accuracy. In this study, we have suggested a framework for the prediction of heart disease based on Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)-based hybrid Ensemble Learning (EL) models, such as LightBoost and XGBoost algorithms. The main goals are to build predictive models and apply SHAP (SHapley Additive expPlanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) analysis to improve the interpretability of the models. We carefully construct our systems and test different hybrid ensemble learning algorithms to determine which model is best for heart disease prediction (HDP). The approach promotes interpretability and transparency when examining these widespread health issues. By combining hybrid Ensemble learning models with XAI, the important factors and risk signals that underpin the co-occurrence of heart disease are made visible. The accuracy, precision, and recall of such models were used to evaluate their efficacy. This study highlights how crucial it is for healthcare models to be transparent and recommends the inclusion of XAI to improve interpretability and medical decisionmaking.