Background: MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) plays a critical role in immune regulation and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review aims to evaluate miR-150’s potential as a biomarker for MS, necessitating this review to consolidate current evidence and highlight miR-150’s utility in improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring disease progression. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciSpace, MDPI and Web of Science, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Studies focusing on miR-150 implications in MS were included. Data extraction was conducted, while quality assessment was done using the NOS and AMSTAR 2 tools. With the extracted data a statistical analyses conducted. Results: 10 eligible articles were included in review. Findings show that miR-150 levels were consistently deregulated in MS patients compared to healthy controls, correlating with disease severity and clinical parameters such as (EDSS) scores and disease activity. Additionally, miR-150 is implicated in the inflammatory pathogenesis of MS, affecting immune cell regulation and inflammatory pathways. Conclusions: MiR-150 is a promising biomarker for MS, showing significant potential for improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring disease progression. Its consistent deregulation in MS patients and correlation with clinical parameters underscore its clinical utility. Further research should validate miR-150’s salivary presence and its possible usage as a novel biomarker and therapeutic potential in the development of MS.

Background: Composite restorations are the standard of care for posterior teeth due to their aesthetic properties and conservative nature. However, the choice between direct and semi-direct techniques can influence clinical longevity and performance. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the clinical performance of two restorative approaches: a direct technique and the semi-direct onlay technique in terms of aesthetic quality, surface finish, wear resistance, marginal integrity, and overall clinical efficiency over a two-year period. Methods: A total of 348 composite restorations were placed in 192 patients. Each restoration was evaluated at four timepoints: baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), 1 year (T2), and 2 years (T3). Clinical performance was assessed using standardised 5-point rating scales across the five dimensions. Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed changes over time, while Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for intra- and inter-group comparisons. Results: Significant time effects were observed across all clinical parameters (p < 0.0001). The direct technique exhibited superior initial results in aesthetics and surface finish at T0 and T1 (p < 0.001), but differences diminished by T3. In contrast, the semi-direct technique demonstrated improved performance in wear resistance and marginal integrity at T2 and T3. Both techniques showed progressive deterioration, particularly in marginal adaptation. Conclusions: The direct technique offers enhanced short-term aesthetics and procedural efficiency, while the semi-direct approach provides superior long-term durability and marginal adaptation.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) diagnosis is complicated by anatomical-functional dissociation, where morphological stenosis severity fails to reliably predict hemodynamic significance. This diagnostic gap necessitates a shift toward integrated physiological and structural phenotyping, a role increasingly fulfilled by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR). Objective: To systematically evaluate the incremental diagnostic and prognostic value of CMR across the clinical spectrum of IHD, defining its evidence-based integration into multimodal pathways, particularly for diagnostically indeterminate cases. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A structured literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus retrieved peer-reviewed articles published between January 2021 and April 2026. Methodological quality was appraised using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and AMSTAR 2, while evidence certainty was evaluated via the GRADE framework. Results: Thirty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Current evidence demonstrates that stress perfusion CMR provides superior diagnostic accuracy compared with traditional tests (e.g., SPECT, stress ECG), although it may be outperformed by advanced CT-derived fractional flow reserve in specific post-CCTA cohorts. In indeterminate presentations such as MINOCA, CMR accurately reclassified the underlying etiology in approximately 68% of cases. Furthermore, multiparametric assessment—integrating late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), microvascular obstruction (MVO), and global longitudinal strain (GLS)—refined post-infarction short- and medium-term risk stratification beyond LVEF alone, though the independent prognostic value of MVO attenuates in long-term follow-up (>6 years). Emerging data support the non-inferiority of accelerated stress-only protocols and the utility of artificial intelligence-driven analytics. Conclusions: CMR is a critical modality for resolving anatomical-functional mismatches and providing robust risk stratification. However, evidence does not support its use as a universal first-line test due to operational costs, scan duration, and patient contraindications. Expanding its clinical impact relies strictly on standardizing protocols and adopting AI-assisted, accelerated sequences to mitigate logistical barriers.

Background and Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are heterogeneous conditions that may involve structural alterations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Although cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables detailed assessment of osseous structures, existing classifications mainly address clinical diagnosis, internal derangement, or isolated imaging findings. This review aimed to identify recurrent TMJ osseous changes and develop a practical CBCT-based staging system. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched, supplemented by citation and grey-literature searches. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, Joanna Briggs Institute tools, and AMSTAR 2, while evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. Recurrent imaging findings, clinical correlations, prognostic implications, and therapeutic perspectives were synthesized to develop the proposed scale. Results: Sixty-seven peer-reviewed studies were included, while 12 grey-literature records were retained as complementary evidence. Frequently reported findings included condylar flattening, erosion, sclerosis, osteophytes, cortical alterations, subchondral cystic changes, joint-space abnormalities, remodeling, dimensional reduction, and deformation. Imaging-clinical correlations were heterogeneous. The synthesis supported a four-stage system ranging from preserved osseous morphology (Stage I), through early positional/adaptive changes (Stage II) and established remodeling (Stage III), to advanced structural degeneration with marked deformation and joint-space collapse (Stage IV). Conclusions: CBCT-detectable TMJ osseous changes can be organized into a four-stage severity framework intended to standardize structural assessment. The scale should complement, rather than replace, clinical diagnosis or MRI evaluation and requires external and longitudinal validation before routine clinical use.