This study investigated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blend scaffolds incorporating cerium oxide (CeO) nanoparticles at concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% w/w via electrospinning for periodontal tissue engineering. The impact of photocrosslinking on these scaffolds was evaluated by comparing crosslinked (C) and non-crosslinked (NC) versions. Methods included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for fiber morphology/diameters, and assessments of swelling capacity, degradation profile, and biomechanical properties. Biological evaluations with alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBMSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) encompassed tests for cell viability, mineralized nodule deposition (MND), and collagen production (CP). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis or ANOVA/post-hoc tests (α = 5%). Results indicate that C scaffolds had larger fiber diameters (~250 nm) compared with NC scaffolds (~150 nm). NC scaffolds exhibited higher swelling capacities than C scaffolds, while both types demonstrated significant mass loss (~50%) after 60 days (p < 0.05). C scaffolds containing CeO showed increased Young’s modulus and tensile strength than NC scaffolds. Cells cultured on C scaffolds with 10% CeO exhibited significantly higher metabolic activity (>400%, p < 0.05) after 7 days among all groups. Furthermore, CeO-containing scaffolds promoted enhanced MND by aBMSCs (>120%, p < 0.05) and increased CP in 5% CeO scaffolds for both variants (>180%, p < 0.05). These findings underscore the promising biomechanical properties, biodegradability, cytocompatibility, and enhanced tissue regenerative potential of CeO-loaded GelMA/PCL scaffolds for periodontal applications.

Material selection is crucial to hard tissue regeneration, and matching scaffold properties to those of the target tissue can improve clinical outcomes. This study compared the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological performance of fibrous scaffolds fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL), polydioxanone (PDO), and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) for hard tissue regeneration. Polymeric fibers were produced by electrospinning, and their morphological, physical, and mechanical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 2), swelling and degradation analyses (n = 8), water contact angle measurements (n = 16), and tensile testing (n = 8). In addition, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), alveolar bone marrow stem cells (aBMSCs), and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were seeded onto the scaffolds to evaluate cell spreading (n = 4), viability (n = 8), and mineralized matrix formation (n = 6). Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc tests (α = 5%). All polymers formed homogeneous fibrous scaffolds, with diameters within the nanoscale range. PDO and GelMA showed higher swelling than PCL, while PCL retained approximately 95% of its initial mass after three months. PCL and PDO showed higher elongation at break, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus than GelMA. Both PDO and GelMA displayed contact angles below 90°, with GelMA showing the lowest values. In vitro, all polymers were cytocompatible: PDO and GelMA enhanced DPSC viability at 7 days, whereas GelMA produced the highest viability for PDLSCs and aBMSCs at that time point. GelMA also promoted the highest mineralized matrix formation for DPSCs and PDLSCs, with no significant differences among polymers for aBMSCs. Overall, GelMA scaffolds promoted greater cell viability and mineralized matrix formation, while PCL and PDO provided superior mechanical properties, highlighting the importance of balancing biological and mechanical requirements when designing scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration.

Combined endodontic‐periodontal diseases require integrated endodontic and periodontal treatment. However, extensive bone loss can limit the use of conventional approaches, necessitating regenerative methods such as guided tissue regeneration to manage intrabony defects. Yerba mate (YM, Ilex paraguariensis ) exhibits antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce osteoclastogenesis and inflammation‐associated bone loss, supporting its potential as a bioactive compound for incorporation into guided tissue regeneration biomaterials. This study aimed to develop and characterize polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin (Gel) scaffolds containing YM via electrospinning to support mineralized tissue formation and control inflammation. Electrospun PCL/Gel scaffolds, with and without YM, were obtained using optimized parameters and then chemically crosslinked. Fiber morphology and composition were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling, degradation, and mechanical properties were evaluated. Biological characterization used periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured on the scaffolds to assess metabolic activity, adhesion/spreading, and mineralized matrix deposition. The immunomodulatory effect of scaffold extracts was evaluated in Escherichia coli LPS‐challenged macrophages (RAW 264.7) by measuring TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1α. Biocompatibility and collagen deposition were further assessed in vivo in the subcutaneous tissue of rats at 7 and 28 days. Data were analyzed using appropriate tests ( α = 5%). Bead‐free fibers formed regardless of YM incorporation, and YM increased fiber diameter after crosslinking ( p < 0.0001). Young's modulus and elongation at break were unchanged, although YM reduced tensile strength ( p = 0.0107). YM incorporation was non‐cytotoxic and did not impair mineralization, while reducing IL‐6 and TNF‐α without affecting IL‐1α. In vivo, YM‐loaded scaffolds significantly reduced the inflammatory infiltrate at both time points without altering collagen deposition. These findings demonstrate that YM can be electrospun with PCL/Gel to produce cytocompatible, anti‐inflammatory membranes with potential for endo‐perio lesion management.