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Prof. Dr. Giulia Costa
Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering (DICII), University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Environmental Sustainability
0 Water and wastewater treatment
0 Waste treatment and valorization
0 Analysis and evaluation of the leaching behaviour of waste materials
0 CCUS options and in particular mineral carbonation processes

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Waste treatment and valorization
Environmental Sustainability
Water and wastewater treatment

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Research article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
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This work assesses a combined accelerated carbonation and wet granulation treatment applied to circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash with the aim of producing secondary aggregates for civil engineering applications and of achieving a net storage of CO2. The experiments were carried out at both a laboratory scale and larger scale, and the effects of the CO2 content of the gas flow (40 or 100%), temperature (from 25 to 60 °C), and the use of an alkaline activator solution as binder for the granulation process were investigated. Specifically, the particle size distribution, aggregate crushing value, leaching behavior, and CO2 uptake of the products after 28 days curing under ambient air were analyzed. In addition, the energy requirements of the process were estimated on the basis of the results of the larger scale tests and were used to calculate the CO2 emissions of the process to estimate the net CO2 avoided that could be achieved per kilogram of produced aggregate. The carbo-granulation process allowed us to achieve a relevant increase in particle size with respect to the starting material. The conditions that yielded the best performance in terms of product properties (both technical and environmental) and the maximum amount of CO2 avoided (above 75 g of CO2/kg aggregate) was the carbo-granulation treatment performed at 60 °C with water as binder and a gas phase containing 40% CO2. Although the products obtained employing the alkaline activator solution presented a lower mobility of trace elements of potential environmental concern and generally a higher CO2 uptake compared to the granules produced with water as granulation binder, the carbon footprint of the additives (sodium silicate in particular) would make the process carbon positive, even considering the CO2 avoided by replacing natural aggregates.

ACS Style

Renato Baciocchi; Giulia Costa; Paola Librandi; Stefano Stendardo; Daniela Zingaretti. Assessment of a Carbonation-Based CO2 Utilization Process for the Valorization of CFBC Ash. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Renato Baciocchi, Giulia Costa, Paola Librandi, Stefano Stendardo, Daniela Zingaretti. Assessment of a Carbonation-Based CO2 Utilization Process for the Valorization of CFBC Ash. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renato Baciocchi; Giulia Costa; Paola Librandi; Stefano Stendardo; Daniela Zingaretti. 2021. "Assessment of a Carbonation-Based CO2 Utilization Process for the Valorization of CFBC Ash." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 29 May 2020 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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The paper reports an investigation on the compositional characteristics and environmental behaviour of eight fractions deriving from an advanced separation process applied to waste incineration bottom ash to recover ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Specifically, five mineral fractions and three weakly magnetic mixed metal/mineral fractions were analyzed for their physical properties, chemical composition and leaching behaviour in order to assess their recycling potential and estimate the expected environmental impacts. While the mineral fractions were found to contain only small amounts of undesired waste glass fragments, the weakly magnetic materials turned out to be commingled with a consistent portion of mineral components, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture with limited utilization potential. Their bulk and chemical composition as well as leaching properties were strongly affected by the presence of mineral particles associated with molten magnetic metals. The most critical elements with a view to leaching turned out to be, for both the mineral and the weakly magnetic fractions, Sb and Cr, which exceeded the quality standards for inert waste disposal in landfills.

ACS Style

Giulia Costa; Alessandra Polettini; Raffaella Pomi; Riccardo Spagnuolo. Enhanced Separation of Incinerator Bottom Ash: Composition and Environmental Behaviour of Separated Mineral and Weakly Magnetic Fractions. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2020, 11, 7079 -7095.

AMA Style

Giulia Costa, Alessandra Polettini, Raffaella Pomi, Riccardo Spagnuolo. Enhanced Separation of Incinerator Bottom Ash: Composition and Environmental Behaviour of Separated Mineral and Weakly Magnetic Fractions. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2020; 11 (12):7079-7095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Costa; Alessandra Polettini; Raffaella Pomi; Riccardo Spagnuolo. 2020. "Enhanced Separation of Incinerator Bottom Ash: Composition and Environmental Behaviour of Separated Mineral and Weakly Magnetic Fractions." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 12: 7079-7095.

Review article
Published: 29 February 2020 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. Incineration bottom ash (IBA) is the main solid residue from MSWI, and its annual European production is about 20 million tons. The composition of IBA depends on the composition of the incinerated waste; therefore, it may contain significant amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous (NFe) metals as well as glass that can be recovered. Technologies for NFe metals recovery have emerged in IBA treatment since the 1990s and became common practice in many developed countries. Although the principles and used apparatus are nearly the same in all treatment trains, the differences in technological approaches to recovery of valuable components from IBA – with a special focus on NFe metals recovery – are summarized in this paper.

ACS Style

Michal Šyc; Franz Georg Simon; Jiri Hykš; Roberto Braga; Laura Biganzoli; Giulia Costa; Valerio Funari; Mario Grosso. Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 393, 122433 .

AMA Style

Michal Šyc, Franz Georg Simon, Jiri Hykš, Roberto Braga, Laura Biganzoli, Giulia Costa, Valerio Funari, Mario Grosso. Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 393 ():122433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michal Šyc; Franz Georg Simon; Jiri Hykš; Roberto Braga; Laura Biganzoli; Giulia Costa; Valerio Funari; Mario Grosso. 2020. "Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments." Journal of Hazardous Materials 393, no. : 122433.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2019 in Journal of CO2 Utilization
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Accelerated carbonation is a treatment for converting alkaline industrial residues into added-value products and storing CO2 in solid form. This work investigated the influence of reacting phases and CO2 uptake on microstructure development, mechanical properties and the environmental behavior of carbonated compacts produced from Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slags, characterized by a different mineralogy. The compacts were cured under a 100% CO2 atmosphere at 50 °C and pressure of 1.3 or 10 bar for 15 min to 4 h. The BOF slag reacted very fast in the first 30-60 min due to the complete conversion of portlandite to calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate and aragonite, and continued to react over time due to the presence of slower reacting Ca-silicate phases. For the EAF slag, rich in Ca-silicates, the CO2 uptake was lower, and increased only slightly over time at 1.3 bar and became almost stable after 15 minutes at 10 bar; the EAF slag products however presented a higher compressive strength than the BOF slag ones, because of the different phases involved in the carbonation reaction. For the BOF slag, portlandite dissolution caused the formation of voids, only partially filled up by the reaction products. For the EAF slag, formation of a carbonate and amorphous silica layer around the reacting silicates yielded a denser matrix. pH and Ba leaching decreased for both types of slag, whereas V release increased due to the dissolution of reactive phases such as dicalcium silicates, which initially contained this element.

ACS Style

P. Librandi; P. Nielsen; Giulia Costa; R. Snellings; M. Quaghebeur; Renato Baciocchi. Mechanical and environmental properties of carbonated steel slag compacts as a function of mineralogy and CO2 uptake. Journal of CO2 Utilization 2019, 33, 201 -214.

AMA Style

P. Librandi, P. Nielsen, Giulia Costa, R. Snellings, M. Quaghebeur, Renato Baciocchi. Mechanical and environmental properties of carbonated steel slag compacts as a function of mineralogy and CO2 uptake. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2019; 33 ():201-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Librandi; P. Nielsen; Giulia Costa; R. Snellings; M. Quaghebeur; Renato Baciocchi. 2019. "Mechanical and environmental properties of carbonated steel slag compacts as a function of mineralogy and CO2 uptake." Journal of CO2 Utilization 33, no. : 201-214.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in Sustainability
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In this study, the collection, transport, and treatment phases (including the management of products and processing residues) of six fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the Sinistra Piave Basin (Veneto, Italy), a consortium of 44 municipalities, were analyzed by life-cycle assessment (LCA). Specifically, two different scenarios were assessed for paper and cardboard, glass, multi-material (plastics and metals), food waste, garden waste, and dry residual fraction management, one referring to the year 2015 and the other to 2004. The primary aim was to investigate what consequences the increase in separate collection rates progressively achieved by the consortium (65% in 2004 versus to 80% in 2015) exerted on the management system and its potential environmental impacts. For each scenario, the type of separate collection method employed (door-to-door in 2015, and mixed door-to-door and curbside collection in 2004), the collected amounts, the geographic location of the main sorting/treatment plants, and the type of treatments applied to manage the products and processing residues were considered. The results of the study indicate that, among the variations that occurred in the management system for the two considered years, the increase in separate collection rate achieved was the factor that most affected all of the potential environmental impacts taken into account. In particular, for the 2015 scenario, differently from the 2004 one, all of the categories considered (apart from ecotoxicity) were negative, indicating savings instead of impacts. Treatment was the stage that by far mostly affected potential environmental savings, with regard to paper and cardboard recycling in particular.

ACS Style

Giulia Costa; Alessio Lieto; Francesco Lombardi. LCA of a Consortium-Based MSW Management System to Quantify the Decrease in Environmental Impacts Achieved for Increasing Separate Collection Rates and Other Modifications. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2810 .

AMA Style

Giulia Costa, Alessio Lieto, Francesco Lombardi. LCA of a Consortium-Based MSW Management System to Quantify the Decrease in Environmental Impacts Achieved for Increasing Separate Collection Rates and Other Modifications. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Costa; Alessio Lieto; Francesco Lombardi. 2019. "LCA of a Consortium-Based MSW Management System to Quantify the Decrease in Environmental Impacts Achieved for Increasing Separate Collection Rates and Other Modifications." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2810.

Original paper
Published: 25 January 2019 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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This work investigates the sequential application of alkali activation and CO2 curing to BOF steel slag as a technique for improving its hydraulic reactivity for use in concrete, while also exploiting its potential as a carbon sink. Activation with either a sodium hydroxide/sodium-silicate or a sodium hydroxide/sodium carbonate solution was first evaluated in a preliminary calorimetric study for selecting the solution compositions leading to the formation of early stage hydration products. The pastes produced with the selected solutions were then cured either in a humidity chamber or in a carbonation chamber (at 20 or 50 °C) for up to 28 days, in order to assess long term reaction products. Mineralogical and thermal analysis showed the formation of a C–S–H like phase, specifically in the samples activated by the sodium hydroxide/sodium-silicate solution, whereas significant occurrence of gaylussite was noticed in the samples activated with the sodium hydroxide/sodium carbonate solution. A maximum CO2 uptake of 6% by wt, due to calcium carbonate formation, was observed in the latter samples, whereas a 5% value was achieved in the former ones. The compressive strength of the mortars prepared with sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate and cured in the carbonation chamber at 50 °C was above 2 MPa, while it was lower for the other samples, particularly those activated with sodium hydroxide/sodium carbonate. Alkali activation employing sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate solutions followed by CO2 curing at relatively high temperature (i.e. 50 °C) resulted a promising treatment for BOF slag valorization in the manufacturing of concrete for non structural applications.

ACS Style

M. Morone; Özlem Cizer; G. Costa; R. Baciocchi. Effects of Alkali Activation and CO2 Curing on the Hydraulic Reactivity and Carbon Storage Capacity of BOF Slag in View of Its Use in Concrete. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2019, 11, 3007 -3020.

AMA Style

M. Morone, Özlem Cizer, G. Costa, R. Baciocchi. Effects of Alkali Activation and CO2 Curing on the Hydraulic Reactivity and Carbon Storage Capacity of BOF Slag in View of Its Use in Concrete. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2019; 11 (6):3007-3020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Morone; Özlem Cizer; G. Costa; R. Baciocchi. 2019. "Effects of Alkali Activation and CO2 Curing on the Hydraulic Reactivity and Carbon Storage Capacity of BOF Slag in View of Its Use in Concrete." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 6: 3007-3020.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Microalgae may be exploited in water or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce excess concentrations of nutrients and metals to comply with regulatory limits. In this study, we characterized the growth and phosphorus (P) removal capacity of an isolated strain of Tetradesmus obliquus VRUC280. Investigations were carried out from laboratory scale (50 mL) up to a 100 L outdoor photobioreactor (PBR). After 10 days, batch cultures removed up to 74% of the media P, while in the PBR, 95% removal was achieved within five days. The harvested biomass was then inactivated (freeze-dried) and used for metal adsorption tests, employing solutions containing 6.0 mg Cu L−1 or 4.8 mg Ni L−1. Metal removal rates were evaluated after 15, 30, 60 and 120 min by the analysis of liquid and biomass metal contents. For the latter, a specific biomass digestion method was developed. Cu removal ranged between 50% and 65%, while for Ni, removal varied between 30% and 50%. 300–400 mg Cu Kg DW−1 and 130–250 mg Ni Kg DW−1 were rapidly adsorbed on the cell surface of T. obliquus (ca. 15–30 min incubations). This study demonstrates the potential of microalgae, in this case T. obliquus, to remove sequentially P and metals from aqueous media.

ACS Style

Lorenza Rugnini; Neil Thomas William Ellwood; Giulia Costa; Alessia Falsetti; Roberta Congestri; Laura Bruno. Scaling-up of wastewater bioremediation by Tetradesmus obliquus, sequential bio-treatments of nutrients and metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2019, 172, 59 -64.

AMA Style

Lorenza Rugnini, Neil Thomas William Ellwood, Giulia Costa, Alessia Falsetti, Roberta Congestri, Laura Bruno. Scaling-up of wastewater bioremediation by Tetradesmus obliquus, sequential bio-treatments of nutrients and metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019; 172 ():59-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenza Rugnini; Neil Thomas William Ellwood; Giulia Costa; Alessia Falsetti; Roberta Congestri; Laura Bruno. 2019. "Scaling-up of wastewater bioremediation by Tetradesmus obliquus, sequential bio-treatments of nutrients and metals." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 172, no. : 59-64.

Original manuscript
Published: 14 December 2018 in Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
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Carbonation of alkaline residues represents a potentially interesting technique for permanently storing in solid form CO2 contained in flue gas, syngas or biogas, as well as for the valorization of the residues. In particular, the wet carbonation route requires a low amount of water, does not generate wastewater and can be exploited to produce aggregates. The efficacy of this route has been demonstrated at laboratory scale. In view of its scale‐up, this study was aimed at evaluating the performance of a wet‐route carbonation process applied to Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag employing an operating procedure that could be adopted also at demonstrative or full scale. Dry residues were directly fed by a loading hopper into a rotary kiln reactor, in which gas containing 40% CO2 and steam were flown through. During the experiments, the flow and composition of the gas phase were continuously monitored, allowing to calculate the amount of CO2 captured from the gas phase and to compare it with the CO2 uptake of the solid product. In addition, the leaching behavior of the treated slag was assessed. The results of the tests were close to those obtained in previous experiments performed with pre‐humidified BOF slag, both with the same reactor used in this study and at laboratory scale; this suggests that this more automated wet‐route process could be employed for demonstration or full scale tests. The set up still needs to be optimized to obtain a product with physical and technical properties suitable for use as aggregate. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2019

ACS Style

Paola Librandi; Giulia Costa; Stefano Stendardo; Renato Baciocchi. Carbonation of BOF Slag in a Rotary Kiln Reactor in View of the Scale‐Up of the Wet Route Process. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2018, 38, e13140 .

AMA Style

Paola Librandi, Giulia Costa, Stefano Stendardo, Renato Baciocchi. Carbonation of BOF Slag in a Rotary Kiln Reactor in View of the Scale‐Up of the Wet Route Process. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2018; 38 (3):e13140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Librandi; Giulia Costa; Stefano Stendardo; Renato Baciocchi. 2018. "Carbonation of BOF Slag in a Rotary Kiln Reactor in View of the Scale‐Up of the Wet Route Process." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 38, no. 3: e13140.

Editorial
Published: 13 July 2018 in Waste Management
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ACS Style

Umberto Arena; Morton Barlaz; Pinjing He; Idiano D'Adamo; Sergi Astals; Jean E. Bogner; Stephanie Bolyard; Jorge de Brito; Paolo S. Calabrò; Paolo Canu; Christina Chroni; Bill Clarke; Hervé Corvellec; Giulia Costa; Malcolm Richard Gent; Antonio Gallardo Izquierdo; Jacek A. Koziel; Nuno Lapa; Bo Leckner; Lidia Lombardi; Massimiliano Materazzi; Hans Oonk; Kostyantyn Pivnenko; Krishna R. Reddy; Hans Van Der Sloot; Jan-Olov Sundqvist; Fabio Tatàno; Timothy Townsend; David Turner; Juergen Vehlow; Tianfeng Wang; Yongjiang Wang; Jim White; Yang Zeng; Christian Zurbrügg. Thank you: A journal is as good as its reviewers. Waste Management 2018, 77, 1 .

AMA Style

Umberto Arena, Morton Barlaz, Pinjing He, Idiano D'Adamo, Sergi Astals, Jean E. Bogner, Stephanie Bolyard, Jorge de Brito, Paolo S. Calabrò, Paolo Canu, Christina Chroni, Bill Clarke, Hervé Corvellec, Giulia Costa, Malcolm Richard Gent, Antonio Gallardo Izquierdo, Jacek A. Koziel, Nuno Lapa, Bo Leckner, Lidia Lombardi, Massimiliano Materazzi, Hans Oonk, Kostyantyn Pivnenko, Krishna R. Reddy, Hans Van Der Sloot, Jan-Olov Sundqvist, Fabio Tatàno, Timothy Townsend, David Turner, Juergen Vehlow, Tianfeng Wang, Yongjiang Wang, Jim White, Yang Zeng, Christian Zurbrügg. Thank you: A journal is as good as its reviewers. Waste Management. 2018; 77 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Umberto Arena; Morton Barlaz; Pinjing He; Idiano D'Adamo; Sergi Astals; Jean E. Bogner; Stephanie Bolyard; Jorge de Brito; Paolo S. Calabrò; Paolo Canu; Christina Chroni; Bill Clarke; Hervé Corvellec; Giulia Costa; Malcolm Richard Gent; Antonio Gallardo Izquierdo; Jacek A. Koziel; Nuno Lapa; Bo Leckner; Lidia Lombardi; Massimiliano Materazzi; Hans Oonk; Kostyantyn Pivnenko; Krishna R. Reddy; Hans Van Der Sloot; Jan-Olov Sundqvist; Fabio Tatàno; Timothy Townsend; David Turner; Juergen Vehlow; Tianfeng Wang; Yongjiang Wang; Jim White; Yang Zeng; Christian Zurbrügg. 2018. "Thank you: A journal is as good as its reviewers." Waste Management 77, no. : 1.

Sustainable waste management
Published: 11 May 2018 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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In this work, ash generated by the combustion of wood in a central heating plant was used to remove and permanently store by accelerated carbonation CO2 contained in a gas mixture simulating biogas. The process was studied as an alternative treatment to the ones currently available on the market for biogas upgrading. The process was investigated at laboratory scale by setting up a facility for directly contacting the wood ash and the synthetic biogas in a fixed bed reactor. The process was able to completely remove CO2 during its initial phase. After about 30 h, CO2 started to appear again in the outlet stream and its concentration rapidly increased. The specific CO2 uptake achieved in solid carbonate form was of about 200 g/kg of dry wood ash. This value is an order of magnitude higher than the ones found for waste incineration bottom ash carrying out similar experiments. The difference was ascribed to the physicochemical properties of the ash, characterized by a fine particle size (d50 < 0.2 mm) and high content of reactive phases with CO2 (e.g., Ca hydroxides). The leaching behavior of the wood ash was examined before and after the accelerated carbonation process showing that the release of several elements was lower after the treatment; Ba leaching in particular decreased by over two orders of magnitude. However, the release of the critical elements for the management of this type of residues (especially Cr and sulfates) appeared not to be significantly affected, while V leaching increased.

ACS Style

Lidia Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Riccardo Spagnuolo. Accelerated carbonation of wood combustion ash for CO2 removal from gaseous streams and storage in solid form. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 25, 35855 -35865.

AMA Style

Lidia Lombardi, Giulia Costa, Riccardo Spagnuolo. Accelerated carbonation of wood combustion ash for CO2 removal from gaseous streams and storage in solid form. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25 (36):35855-35865.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Riccardo Spagnuolo. 2018. "Accelerated carbonation of wood combustion ash for CO2 removal from gaseous streams and storage in solid form." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 36: 35855-35865.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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This work focused on the potential of Desmodesmus sp. to be employed for wastewater bioremediation and biodiesel production. The green microalga was grown in a culture medium with a phosphorus (P) content of 4.55 mg L−1 simulating an industrial effluent; it was also exposed to a bimetal solution of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) for 2 days. P removal was between 94 and 100%. After 2 days of exposure to metals, 94% of Cu and 85% of Ni were removed by Desmodesmus sp. Adsorption tests showed that the green microalga was able to remove up to 90% of Cu and 43% of Ni in less than 30 min. The presence of metals decreased the lipid yield, but biodiesel quality from the biomass obtained from metal exposed samples was higher than that grown without metals. This result revealed that this technology could offer a new alternative solution to environmental pollution and carbon-neutral fuel generation.

ACS Style

L. Rugnini; G. Costa; R. Congestri; S. Antonaroli; L. Sanità di Toppi; L. Bruno. Phosphorus and metal removal combined with lipid production by the green microalga Desmodesmus sp.: An integrated approach. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2018, 125, 45 -51.

AMA Style

L. Rugnini, G. Costa, R. Congestri, S. Antonaroli, L. Sanità di Toppi, L. Bruno. Phosphorus and metal removal combined with lipid production by the green microalga Desmodesmus sp.: An integrated approach. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018; 125 ():45-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Rugnini; G. Costa; R. Congestri; S. Antonaroli; L. Sanità di Toppi; L. Bruno. 2018. "Phosphorus and metal removal combined with lipid production by the green microalga Desmodesmus sp.: An integrated approach." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 125, no. : 45-51.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2018 in Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science
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This work evaluated and compared potential impacts related to the accumulation and/or release of heavy metals resulting from the application of different types of stabilized waste to soil. Namely, the following three types of flows were considered: waste produced by aerobic bio-stabilization of municipal solid waste at a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant, and compost produced either from aerobic composting or from a combination of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes. After a preliminary characterization of the materials (organic matter content, volatile solid, and heavy metals content), heavy metal accumulation in soil caused by possible long-term application of these organic materials was evaluated by implementing a discretized mass balance based on the total content of the heavy metals in each type of solid matrix investigated. In addition, results of percolation leaching tests performed on each type of material were presented and discussed. Results highlight that although the total content of heavy metals of the three types of materials differed considerably, with the MBT waste presenting the highest concentrations, the results of the leaching percolation tests were quite similar.

ACS Style

Francesco Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Maria Chiara Di Lonardo; Alessio Lieto. Evaluation of the effects of bio stabilised waste on soil in terms of heavy metal accumulation and leaching. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 2018, 13, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Francesco Lombardi, Giulia Costa, Maria Chiara Di Lonardo, Alessio Lieto. Evaluation of the effects of bio stabilised waste on soil in terms of heavy metal accumulation and leaching. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science. 2018; 13 (3):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Maria Chiara Di Lonardo; Alessio Lieto. 2018. "Evaluation of the effects of bio stabilised waste on soil in terms of heavy metal accumulation and leaching." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 3: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Waste Management
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Several types of standardized laboratory leaching tests have been developed during the past few decades to evaluate the leaching behaviour of waste materials as a function of different parameters, such as the pH of the eluate and the liquid to solid ratio. However, the link between the results of these tests and leaching data collected from the field (e.g. in disposal or reuse scenarios) is not always straightforward. In this work, we compare data obtained from an on-going large scale field trial, in which municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is being tested as road sub-base material, with the results obtained from percolation column and pH-dependence laboratory leaching tests carried out on the bottom ash at the beginning of the test. The comparisons reported in this paper show that for soluble substances (e.g. Cl, K and SO), percolation column tests can provide a good indication of the release expected in the field with deviations usually within a factor of 3. For metals characterized by a solubility-controlled release, i.e. that depends more on eluate pH than the liquid to solid ratio applied, the results of pH-dependence tests describe more accurately the eluate concentration trends observed in the field with deviations that in most cases (around 80%) are within one order of magnitude (see e.g. Al and Cd). The differences between field and lab-scale data might be in part ascribed to the occurrence in the field of weathering reactions (e.g. carbonation) but also to microbial decomposition of organic matter that modifying leachate pH affect the solubility of several constituents (e.g. Ca, Ba and Cr). Besides, weathering reactions can result in enhanced adsorption of fulvic acids to iron/aluminum (hydr)oxides, leading to a decrease in the leaching of fulvic acids and hence of elements such as Cu, Ni and Pb that strongly depend on DOC leaching. Overall, this comparison shows that percolation column tests and pH-dependence tests can represent a reliable screening tool to derive data that could be employed in risk-based analysis or life cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks for evaluating potential environmental impacts deriving from specific disposal/reuse options for waste materials.

ACS Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo; Jiri Hyks; Iason Verginelli; Giulia Costa; Ole Hjelmar; Francesco Lombardi. Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results. Waste Management 2018, 73, 367 -380.

AMA Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo, Jiri Hyks, Iason Verginelli, Giulia Costa, Ole Hjelmar, Francesco Lombardi. Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results. Waste Management. 2018; 73 ():367-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo; Jiri Hyks; Iason Verginelli; Giulia Costa; Ole Hjelmar; Francesco Lombardi. 2018. "Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results." Waste Management 73, no. : 367-380.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Waste Management
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In this work we present an integrated risk-based approach that can be used to evaluate the recycling potential of an alkaline waste material such as incineration bottom ash (BA) as unbound material for road sub-base construction. This approach, which is aimed at assessing potential risks to the groundwater resource (in terms of drinking water quality) and human health associated to the leaching of contaminants from the BA, couples the results of leaching tests for the estimation of source concentrations with the fate and transport models usually adopted in risk assessment procedures. The effects of weathering and of the type of leaching test employed to evaluate eluate concentrations were assessed by carrying out different simulations using the results of laboratory leaching tests. Specifically, pH-dependence and column percolation leaching tests were performed on freshly collected and 1-year naturally weathered BA samples produced from a grate-fired incineration plant treating Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). To evaluate a broad span of possible scenario conditions, a Monte Carlo analysis was performed running 5000 simulations, randomly varying the input parameters within the ranges expected in the field. In nearly all the simulated conditions, the concentrations of contaminants in the groundwater for the specific type of BA tested in this work were well below EU and WHO drinking water quality criteria. Nevertheless, some caution should be paid in the case of the establishment of acidic conditions in the field since in this case the concentration of some elements (i.e. Al, Pb and Zn) is expected to exceed threshold values. In terms of risks to human health, for the considered utilization scenario the probability of exceeding the acceptable reference dose for water ingestion was usually less than 1% (except for Cr and Pb for which the probability was lower than 3.5% and 7%, respectively).

ACS Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo; Iason Verginelli; Giulia Costa; Riccardo Spagnuolo; Renato Gavasci; Francesco Lombardi. A risk-based approach for assessing the recycling potential of an alkaline waste material as road sub-base filler material. Waste Management 2018, 71, 440 -453.

AMA Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo, Iason Verginelli, Giulia Costa, Riccardo Spagnuolo, Renato Gavasci, Francesco Lombardi. A risk-based approach for assessing the recycling potential of an alkaline waste material as road sub-base filler material. Waste Management. 2018; 71 ():440-453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Di Gianfilippo; Iason Verginelli; Giulia Costa; Riccardo Spagnuolo; Renato Gavasci; Francesco Lombardi. 2018. "A risk-based approach for assessing the recycling potential of an alkaline waste material as road sub-base filler material." Waste Management 71, no. : 440-453.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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The concentration of metal ions in aqueous media is a major environmental problem due to their persistence and non-biodegradability that poses hazards to the ecosystem and human health. In this study, the effect of Cu and Ni on the growth of two green microalgal strains, Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus sp., was evaluated along with the removal capacity from single metal solutions (12days exposure; metal concentration range: 1.9-11.9mgL). Microalgal growth showed to decrease at increasing metal concentrations, but promising metal removal efficiencies were recorded: up to 43% and 39% for Cu by Desmodesmus sp. and C. vulgaris, respectively, with a sorption capacity of 33.4mggDW for Desmodesmus sp. As for Ni, at the concentration of 5.7mgL, the removal efficiency reached 32% for C. vulgaris and 39% for Desmodesmus sp. In addition, Desmodesmus sp. growth and metal removal were evaluated employing bimetallic solutions. In these tests, the removal efficiency for Cu was higher than that of Ni for all the mix solutions tested with a maximum of 95%, while Ni-removal reached 90% only for the lowest concentrations tested. Results revealed that the biosorption of both metals reached maximum removal levels within the fourth day of incubation (with metal uptakes of 67mgCugDW and 37mgNigDW). Intracellular bioaccumulation of metals in Desmodesmus sp. was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy after DAPI staining of cells exposed or not to Cu during their growth. Imaging suggested that Cu is sequestered in polyphosphate bodies within the cells, as observable also in phosphorus deprived cultures. Our results indicate the potential of employing green microalgae for bioremediation of metal-polluted waters, due to their ability to grow in the presence of high metal concentrations and to remove them efficiently.

ACS Style

L. Rugnini; G. Costa; R. Congestri; L. Bruno. Testing of two different strains of green microalgae for Cu and Ni removal from aqueous media. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 601-602, 959 -967.

AMA Style

L. Rugnini, G. Costa, R. Congestri, L. Bruno. Testing of two different strains of green microalgae for Cu and Ni removal from aqueous media. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 601-602 ():959-967.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Rugnini; G. Costa; R. Congestri; L. Bruno. 2017. "Testing of two different strains of green microalgae for Cu and Ni removal from aqueous media." Science of The Total Environment 601-602, no. : 959-967.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Waste Management
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ACS Style

Maarten Bakker; Richard Beaven; Jean E. Bogner; Paolo Canu; Maria Teresa Carvalho; William Clarke; Giulia Costa; Diptendu Das; M. Hannan; Ole Hjelmar; Paul Imhoff; Ute Kalbe; Peter Kjeldsen; Dimitrios Komilis; Bo Leckner; Fan Lü; Hans Oonk; Alberto Pivato; Alessandra Polettini; Jon Powell; Martin Schlummer; Nils Skoglund; Fabio Tatàno; Marjorie Valix; Mª Del Carmen Vargas García; Zengqiang Zhang. Reviewer Acknowledgment. Waste Management 2017, 68, 1 .

AMA Style

Maarten Bakker, Richard Beaven, Jean E. Bogner, Paolo Canu, Maria Teresa Carvalho, William Clarke, Giulia Costa, Diptendu Das, M. Hannan, Ole Hjelmar, Paul Imhoff, Ute Kalbe, Peter Kjeldsen, Dimitrios Komilis, Bo Leckner, Fan Lü, Hans Oonk, Alberto Pivato, Alessandra Polettini, Jon Powell, Martin Schlummer, Nils Skoglund, Fabio Tatàno, Marjorie Valix, Mª Del Carmen Vargas García, Zengqiang Zhang. Reviewer Acknowledgment. Waste Management. 2017; 68 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maarten Bakker; Richard Beaven; Jean E. Bogner; Paolo Canu; Maria Teresa Carvalho; William Clarke; Giulia Costa; Diptendu Das; M. Hannan; Ole Hjelmar; Paul Imhoff; Ute Kalbe; Peter Kjeldsen; Dimitrios Komilis; Bo Leckner; Fan Lü; Hans Oonk; Alberto Pivato; Alessandra Polettini; Jon Powell; Martin Schlummer; Nils Skoglund; Fabio Tatàno; Marjorie Valix; Mª Del Carmen Vargas García; Zengqiang Zhang. 2017. "Reviewer Acknowledgment." Waste Management 68, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2017 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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A combined stabilization/solidification (S/S) and granulation treatment was shown to be effective, at lab scale, to produce secondary aggregates from a Brownfield soil slightly contaminated by metals. This treatment, as opposed to the frequently adopted “dig and dump” option, allows to combine soil management with site regeneration, minimizing landfill disposal. But is this treatment actually more environmentally sustainable than excavated soil management by dig and dump? To answer this question, we analyzed and compared by life cycle assessment the environmental impacts resulting from the application of the above-mentioned treatment versus dig and dump on the basis of the results of lab tests performed on a Brownfield soil sample, including leaching test results. The impacts related to the production of all the reagents used in the on-site treatment, as well as the avoided impacts due to the replacement of raw aggregates with recycled ones, were included. Results showed that the proposed S/S-granulation process may allow a drastic decrease of the impacts related to land use and resource depletion in comparison to dig and dump, with beneficial effects also with regard to toxicity-related impact categories. Conversely, the proposed treatment yielded higher impacts, in terms of acidification, water resource depletion, and, in particular, climate change, almost entirely related to the manufacturing of the cement employed for stabilization. However, an average 40% reduction of overall impacts was noted when fly ash cement was assumed to be used as binder instead of Portland cement.

ACS Style

Oriana Capobianco; Giulia Costa; Renato Baciocchi. Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Treatment Aimed at Soil Reuse in a Brownfield Regeneration Context. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2017, 22, 1027 -1038.

AMA Style

Oriana Capobianco, Giulia Costa, Renato Baciocchi. Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Treatment Aimed at Soil Reuse in a Brownfield Regeneration Context. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2017; 22 (5):1027-1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oriana Capobianco; Giulia Costa; Renato Baciocchi. 2017. "Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Treatment Aimed at Soil Reuse in a Brownfield Regeneration Context." Journal of Industrial Ecology 22, no. 5: 1027-1038.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Energy Procedia
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ACS Style

Sara Ghasemi; Giulia Costa; Daniela Zingaretti; Matthäus U. Bäbler; Renato Baciocchi. Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Slurry and Wet Accelerated Carbonation of BOF Slag. Energy Procedia 2017, 114, 5393 -5403.

AMA Style

Sara Ghasemi, Giulia Costa, Daniela Zingaretti, Matthäus U. Bäbler, Renato Baciocchi. Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Slurry and Wet Accelerated Carbonation of BOF Slag. Energy Procedia. 2017; 114 ():5393-5403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Ghasemi; Giulia Costa; Daniela Zingaretti; Matthäus U. Bäbler; Renato Baciocchi. 2017. "Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Slurry and Wet Accelerated Carbonation of BOF Slag." Energy Procedia 114, no. : 5393-5403.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Energy Procedia
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ACS Style

Paola Librandi; Giulia Costa; Ana Carolina Bello de Souza; Stefano Stendardo; Aderval Severino Luna; Renato Baciocchi. Carbonation of Steel Slag: Testing of the Wet Route in a Pilot-scale Reactor. Energy Procedia 2017, 114, 5381 -5392.

AMA Style

Paola Librandi, Giulia Costa, Ana Carolina Bello de Souza, Stefano Stendardo, Aderval Severino Luna, Renato Baciocchi. Carbonation of Steel Slag: Testing of the Wet Route in a Pilot-scale Reactor. Energy Procedia. 2017; 114 ():5381-5392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Librandi; Giulia Costa; Ana Carolina Bello de Souza; Stefano Stendardo; Aderval Severino Luna; Renato Baciocchi. 2017. "Carbonation of Steel Slag: Testing of the Wet Route in a Pilot-scale Reactor." Energy Procedia 114, no. : 5381-5392.

Review
Published: 28 June 2017 in Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science
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This paper reviews the role of sanitary landfills in current and future waste management strategies based upon the principles and the goals established by the European Framework Directive on Waste (2008/98/EC). Specific reference is made to studies of our research group regarding new tools developed to evaluate leachate production, taking into account the different characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW). Laboratory leaching tests and a methodology proposed to interpret the results are described and discussed, as well as tools developed to estimate landfill leachate production. Residual flows produced by mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants, mainly Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and Stabilized Organic Waste (SOW), incineration and composting plants are considered in particular. Experimental results showed that the most suitable end-uses or disposal options for the outputs of waste treatment plants are site-specific and should be defined on the basis of a detailed characterization. The application of the model developed to assess landfill leachate production showed a very good agreement with field data.

ACS Style

Francesco Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Piero Sirini. Analysis of the role of the sanitary landfill in waste management strategies based upon a review of lab leaching tests and new tools to evaluate leachate production. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 2017, 12, 543 -555.

AMA Style

Francesco Lombardi, Giulia Costa, Piero Sirini. Analysis of the role of the sanitary landfill in waste management strategies based upon a review of lab leaching tests and new tools to evaluate leachate production. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science. 2017; 12 (4):543-555.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Lombardi; Giulia Costa; Piero Sirini. 2017. "Analysis of the role of the sanitary landfill in waste management strategies based upon a review of lab leaching tests and new tools to evaluate leachate production." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 4: 543-555.