Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of uveitis cases treated at University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho and to identify the presentation pattern of intraocular inflammation on the basis of clinical, anatomical, etiological, and demographic criteria. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using data from the medical records of 408 patients with active disease who attended the ophthalmology service between March and October 2018. Age, sex, visual acuity at the time of diagnosis, anatomical and etiological diagnoses, the clinical aspect, and the main symptoms reported during anamnesis were described. Results: Of the 408 patients in the study, 52% were male and 48% were female. The patients’ mean age was 42 years, and most (84%) were between 19 and 64 years old. Anterior uveitis was observed in 37.75% of the patients; posterior uveitis, in 49.75%; panuveitis, in 4.66%; and intermediate uveitis, in 3.43%. Only 18 patients (4.41%) presented with scleritis. Of the 390 patients with anatomical classifications, 76% had known etiologies, with the most prevalent diagnoses being toxoplasmosis (35.4%), followed by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (6.4%), ankylosing spondylitis (5.9%), and syphilis (4.9%). Infectious uveitis corresponded to 49.7% of the patients, while 26.6% of the cases were of noninfectious origin. Anterior uveitis had the highest number of cases classified as idiopathic (49.4%). In the cases of posterior uveitis, the etiology was established 94% of the time. The most frequent symptoms were ocular pain (71.8%) and blurring vision (56.8%). Conclusions: The present study confirmed the historical importance of infectious uveitis in our population, especially ocular toxoplasmosis. Uveitis appears to have no predilection for sex but mainly affects young people of working age, thus generating social and economic consequences. Despite the evolution of diagnostic methods, idiopathic uveitis remains one of the major etiologies. Epidemiological studies point to different presentation patterns of uveitis in different populations, but these may reflect the distinct characteristics of each institution.

Purpose: This article introduces the Pentacam^® Cornea OCT (optical coherence tomography). This advanced corneal imaging system combines rotating ultra-high-resolution spectral domain OCT with sub- 2-micron axial resolution and Scheimpflug photography. The purpose of this study is to present the first experience with the instrument and its potential for corneal diagnostics, including optical biopsy. Methods: In this prospective study, the Pentacam^® Cornea OCT was used to image the corneas of seven patients. The novel wide-angle pericentric scan system enables optimal OCT imaging performance for the corneal layer structure over the entire width of the cornea, including the limbal regions. A detailed analysis of the resulting images assessed the synergism between the OCT and Scheimpflug photography. Results: The Pentacam^® Cornea OCT demonstrated significantly improved image resolution and ability to individualize corneal layers with high quality. There is a synergism between the OCT high-definition signal to individualize details on the cornea and Scheimpflug photography to detect and quantify corneal scattering. The noncontact exam was proven safe, user-friendly, and effective for enabling optical biopsy. Conclusions: Pentacam^® Cornea OCT is an advancement in corneal imaging technology. The ultra-high-resolution spectral domain OCT and Scheimpflug photography provide unprecedented detail and resolution, enabling optical biopsy and improving the understanding of corneal pathology. Further studies are necessary to compare and analyze the tomographic reconstructions of the cornea with the different wavelengths, which may provide helpful information for diagnosing and managing corneal diseases.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating autoimmune neuropathic condition characterized by extensive bilateral and confluent lesions in the cerebral white matter and cerebellum. The basal ganglia and gray matter may also be involved. In most cases, the symptoms are preceded by viral infection or vaccination. In this report, we present a case of ADEM associated with optic neuritis presenting alongside two potential triggering factors: chikungunya virus infection and yellow fever immunization.

This report described a case of a 56-year-old female patient with a history of pterygium excision and use of mitomycin C eye drops during the postoperative period who developed necrotizing infectious scleritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was admitted for treatment with intravenous antibiotic therapy, topical fortified antibiotics, systemic corticotherapy, and debridement of the necrotic ocular tissue. After 3 weeks, she presented with good clinical evolution and resolution of the infection. Mitomycin eye drops should be used cautiously, [...] ABSTRACT This report described a case of a 56-year-old female patient with a history of pterygium excision and use of mitomycin C eye drops during the postoperative period who developed necrotizing infectious scleritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was admitted for treatment with intravenous antibiotic therapy, topical fortified antibiotics, systemic corticotherapy, and debridement of the necrotic ocular tissue. After 3 weeks, she presented with good clinical evolution and resolution of the infection. Mitomycin eye drops should be used cautiously,

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to look into the relationship between tear film osmolarity, tear crystallization, and corneal esthesiometry findings in Sjögren’s syndrome patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 43 eyes from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome. Tear osmolarity was measured with an iPen osmometer, tear crystallization was graded using Roland’s classification, and corneal sensitivity was evaluated with a Cochet–Bonnet aesthesiometer. Ocular symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Patients who had undergone keratoplasty or worn contact lenses within 4 hours of testing were excluded. Results: The cohort’s mean tear osmolarity was 292.5±15.0 mOsm/L (median: 293 mOsm/L, IQR: 17.5). There was no significant difference between patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (mean: 289.4 mOsm/L) and those with secondary Sjögren’s syndrome (mean: 294.5 mOsm/L; p=0.413). Tear crystallization patterns were more severe in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (mean: 3.25, median: 3.5, IQR: 1.25) than in those with secondary Sjögren’s syndrome (mean: 3.19, median: 3.0, IQR: 1.0), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.87). Corneal sensitivity was reduced by 3.5±1.7 mm (median: 4.0 mm, IQR: 2.13). Tear crystallization has a significant negative correlation with corneal sensitivity (r=−0.313, p=0.041), suggesting that poorer tear quality leads to decreased corneal sensitivity. Conclusion: Tear crystallization patterns and corneal sensitivity were found to be significantly correlated in Sjögren’s syndrome patients. The findings also indicate that systemic medication use may affect tear film quality.