In recent years, climate change has demonstrated the volatility of unexpected events such as typhoons, flooding, and tsunamis that affect people, ecosystems and economies. As a result, the importance of predicting future climate has become even direr. The statistical downscaling approach was introduced as a solution to provide high-resolution climate projections. An effective statistical downscaling scheme aimed to be developed in this study is a two-phase machine learning technique for daily rainfall projection in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The proposed approaches will counter the emerging issues. First, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on a symmetric correlation matrix is applied in order to rectify the issue of selecting predictors for a two-phase supervised model and help reduce the dimension of the supervised model. Secondly, two-phase machine learning techniques are introduced with a predictor selection mechanism. The first phase is a classification using Support Vector Classification (SVC) that determines dry and wet days. Subsequently, regression estimates the amount of rainfall based on the frequency of wet days using Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Relevant Vector Machines (RVMs). The comparison between hybridization models’ outcomes reveals that the hybrid of SVC and RVM reproduces the most reasonable daily rainfall prediction and considers high-precipitation extremes. The hybridization model indicates an improvement in predicting climate change predictions by establishing a relationship between the predictand and predictors.

Improving forecasts, particularly the accuracy, efficiency, and precision of time-series forecasts, is becoming critical for authorities to predict, monitor, and prevent the spread of the Coronavirus disease. However, the results obtained from the predictive models are imprecise and inefficient because the dataset contains linear and non-linear patterns, respectively. Linear models such as autoregressive integrated moving average cannot be used effectively to predict complex time series, so nonlinear approaches are better suited for such a purpose. Therefore, to achieve a more accurate and efficient predictive value of COVID-19 that is closer to the true value of COVID-19, a hybrid approach was implemented. Therefore, the objectives of this study are twofold. The first objective is to propose intelligence-based prediction methods to achieve better prediction results called autoregressive integrated moving average–least-squares support vector machine. The second objective is to investigate the performance of these proposed models by comparing them with the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine. Our investigation is based on three COVID-19 real datasets, i.e., daily new cases data, daily new death cases data, and daily new recovered cases data. Then, statistical measures such as mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error were performed to verify that the proposed models are better than the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine model, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine. Empirical results using three recent datasets of known the Coronavirus Disease-19 cases in Malaysia show that the proposed model generates the smallest mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error values for training and testing datasets compared to the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine models. This means that the predicted value of the proposed model is closer to the true value. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can generate estimates more accurately and efficiently. Compared to the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine models, our proposed models perform much better in terms of percent error reduction for both training and testing all datasets. Therefore, the proposed model is possibly the most efficient and effective way to improve prediction for future pandemic performance with a higher level of accuracy and efficiency.

Support ector achine (SVM) is a newer machine learning algorithm for classification, while logistic regression (LR) is an older statistical classification method. Despite the numerous studies contrasting SVM and LR, new improvements such as bagging and ensemble have been applied to them since these comparisons were made. This study proposes a new hybrid model based on SVM and LR for predicting small events per variable (EPV). The performance of the hybrid, SVM, and LR models with different EPV values was evaluated using COVID-19 data from December 2019 to May 2020 provided by the WHO. The study found that the hybrid model had better classification performance than SVM and LR in terms of accuracy, mean squared error (MSE), and root mean squared error (RMSE) for different EPV values. This hybrid model is particularly important for medical authorities and practitioners working in the face of future pandemics.

Businesses are leveraging digital technology through e-commerce platforms as a strategy to continue operating following the movement control order (MCO). Online shopping, a subset of e-commerce platforms, allows consumers to browse, select, and purchase products using digital interfaces. Unfortunately, there is a lack of understanding of how this platform can impact customer behavior. Therefore, this study aims to develop new knowledge of customer behavior and assess the relationship between consumer behavior and e-service quality in online shopping to better understand the e-service quality provided by the vendor in Malaysia. A novel model of e-service quality and consumer behavior has been developed and investigated. Survey questionnaires were distributed and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) to 200 customers who had experienced online shopping during COVID-19. The finding revealed that website design, security/privacy, and fulfillment are statistically correlated with e-service quality. However, customer service is not significantly correlated with e-service quality. Meanwhile, the quality of e-services is statistically significantly related to customer behavior. This study shows that e-service quality can provide good customer behavior post-COVID-19. Online shopping is therefore predicted to boost the economy of the country, but consumers also want high-quality e-services to continue. Retailers can improve their storefronts, engage customers, and promote responsible consumption.

Monthly precipitation data during the period of 1970 to 2019 obtained from the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency database were used to analyze regionalized precipitation regimes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were missing values in 52.6% of the data, which were handled by a hybrid random forest approach and bootstrap method (RF-Bs). The present approach addresses large missing values and also reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in the search for the optimum minimal value. Cluster analysis was used to classify stations or grid points into different rainfall regimes. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of rainfall data reveal the pattern of behavior of the rainfall regime in a specific region by identifying homogeneous clusters. According to the HCA, four distinct and homogenous regions were recognized. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to homogenize the rainfall series and optimally reduce the long-term rainfall records into a few variables. Moreover, PCA was applied to monthly rainfall data in order to validate the results of the HCA analysis. On the basis of the 75% of cumulative variation, 14 factors for the Dry season and the Rainy season, and 12 factors for the Inter-monsoon season, were extracted among the components using varimax rotation. Consideration of different groupings into these approaches opens up new advanced early warning systems in developing recommendations on how to differentiate climate change adaptation- and mitigation-related policies in order to minimize the largest economic damage and taking necessary precautions when multiple hazard events occur.